Social, Psychological, and Behavioral Predictors of Salivary Bacteria, Yeast in Caries-Free Children

2021 ◽  
pp. 238008442199936
Author(s):  
D.T. Kopycka-Kedzierawski ◽  
K. Scott-Anne ◽  
P.G. Ragusa ◽  
M. Cvetanovska ◽  
K. Flint ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Primary Caregiver ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Behavioral Predictors ◽  
Sociodemographic Risk ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a complex, multifactorial oral disease that is a major public health concern because it is prevalent, profoundly alters a child’s quality of life, is difficult to treat effectively, and has a distressing tendency to recur following treatment. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to examine social, psychological, and behavioral predictors of salivary bacteria and yeast in young children at risk for ECC. Methods: A sample of 189 initially caries-free preschool children was assessed for child stress physiology from salivary cortisol, child and family stress exposure, diet, oral health behaviors, and sociodemographic risks. Multiple logistic regression analysis was implemented to examine the associations between these risk factors and cariogenic microorganisms: mutans streptococci (MS), lactobacilli (LB), and Candida species. Results: Higher baseline salivary cortisol (odds ratio [OR] = 6.26; 95% confidence level [CL], 1.69–23.16) and a blunted response to an acute laboratory stressor (OR = .56; 95% CL, .37–.83) were associated with an increased likelihood of elevated salivary MS (≥105 colony-forming units/mL) in caries-free children. Sociodemographic risk for cariogenic microorganisms was also found. Specifically, lower education attainment of the parent/primary caregiver was associated with children being more likely to carry salivary Candida species and elevated salivary MS; in addition, children from households with an unemployed parent/primary caregiver were more likely (OR = 3.13; 95% CL, 1.2–8.05) to carry salivary Candida species and more likely (OR = 3.03; 95% CL, 1.25–7.33) to carry elevated levels of MS and/or salivary Candida and/or LB. Conclusions: The impact of sociodemographic risk and stress physiology on cariogenic disease processes are evident prior to ECC onset. The findings provide novel data on the early onset of cariogenic processes in children and the importance of considering sociodemographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors when judging ECC risk. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The findings provide valuable and novel findings that, pre-ECC onset, the caries disease process is explicable from a detailed assessment of behavioral, sociodemographic, and psychosocial stress variables.

Interculturalism and the Acceptance of Minority Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maykel Verkuyten ◽  
Kumar Yogeeswaran
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Social Psychological Research ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Situational Effect

Abstract. Multiculturalism has been criticized and rejected by an increasing number of politicians, and social psychological research has shown that it can lead to outgroup stereotyping, essentialist thinking, and negative attitudes. Interculturalism has been proposed as an alternative diversity ideology, but there is almost no systematic empirical evidence about the impact of interculturalism on the acceptance of migrants and minority groups. Using data from a survey experiment conducted in the Netherlands, we examined the situational effect of promoting interculturalism on acceptance. The results show that for liberals, but not for conservatives, interculturalism leads to more positive attitudes toward immigrant-origin groups and increased willingness to engage in contact, relative to multiculturalism.

Perspectives on the Situation

2018 ◽  
pp. 66-96
Author(s):  
Harry T. Reis ◽  
John G. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
The Impact

This chapter reviews major theoretical positions on the influence of situations for the understanding of both personality and social–psychological processes. We review the history and current status of this topic, and we describe in some detail two recent theories that seem particularly amenable toward resolving the disparate approaches that this distinction often engenders. Broadly considered, our position is that personality and situations must be considered interacting factors, but in a theoretically specific way. The concept of affordance—that situations provide opportunities for the expression of certain personality traits—is central to our analysis. We also discuss several issues that personality and social psychologists might profitably consider to provide better grounding for theories and research about the impact of situations on behavior.

scholarly journals Reproduction in Trypanosomatids: Past and Present

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Camino Gutiérrez-Corbo ◽  
Bárbara Domínguez-Asenjo ◽  
María Martínez-Valladares ◽  
Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo ◽  
Carlos García-Estrada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genetic Exchange ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Experimental Works ◽  
Genomic Recombination ◽  
The Impact

Diseases caused by trypanosomatids (Sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis) are a serious public health concern in low-income endemic countries. These diseases are produced by single-celled parasites with a diploid genome (although aneuploidy is frequent) organized in pairs of non-condensable chromosomes. To explain the way they reproduce through the analysis of natural populations, the theory of strict clonal propagation of these microorganisms was taken as a rule at the beginning of the studies, since it partially justified their genomic stability. However, numerous experimental works provide evidence of sexual reproduction, thus explaining certain naturally occurring events that link the number of meiosis per mitosis and the frequency of mating. Recent techniques have demonstrated genetic exchange between individuals of the same species under laboratory conditions, as well as the expression of meiosis specific genes. The current debate focuses on the frequency of genomic recombination events and its impact on the natural parasite population structure. This paper reviews the results and techniques used to demonstrate the existence of sex in trypanosomatids, the inheritance of kinetoplast DNA (maxi- and minicircles), the impact of genetic exchange in these parasites, and how it can contribute to the phenotypic diversity of natural populations.

Procedural fairness: Between human rights law and social psychology

2021 ◽  
pp. 092405192199274
Author(s):  
Cathérine Van de Graaf
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Fair Trial ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Justice Research ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Fair procedures have long been a topic of great interest for human rights lawyers. Yet, few authors have drawn on research from other disciplines to enrich the discussion. Social psychological procedural justice research has demonstrated in various applications that, besides the final outcome, the manner in which one’s case is handled matters to people as well. Such research has shown the impact of procedural justice on individuals’ well-being, their acceptance of unfavourable decisions, perceptions of legitimacy and public confidence. The ECtHR has confirmed the desirability of these effects in its fair trial jurisprudence. Thus far, it remains unclear to what extent the guarantees offered by Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to a fair trial) coincide with the findings of empirical procedural justice research. This article aims to rectify this and uncover similarities between the two disciplines.

scholarly journals Breakfast Cereals Intended for Children: Opportunities for Reformulation and Potential Impact on Nutrient Intake

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1772
Author(s):  
Mariana Santos ◽  
Filipa Matias ◽  
Ana Isabel Rito ◽  
Isabel Castanheira ◽  
Duarte Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Regional Office ◽  
Nutrient Profile ◽  
Dietary Fiber Intake ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
The Impact

Ready-to-eat cereals (RTECs) have become a popular breakfast option claiming to provide important nutrients to children’s diets, despite being a source of excess sugar and, therefore, a health concern. Thus, food reformulation constitutes an important public health strategy that could benefit from inputs provided by nutrient profiling. This study aimed to assess the adequacy of the RTECs for children available in Portuguese supermarkets, applying three nutrient profile models (NPMs)—the nutrient profile model of the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe (WHO-EURO), the profile of the private-sector EU Pledge (EU-Pledge), and the national model developed by the Directorate-General of Health (NPM-PT)—in order to explore the potential for reformulation of the RTECs identified as not adequate and evaluate the impact of RTECs’ reformulation on the nutritional quality of Portuguese children’s diets. In total, 78 RTECs intended for children were assessed and two scenarios—current (not considering reformulation) and alternative (considering reformulation to accomplish the nutrient profile requirements)—were considered to assess the impact of reformulation on nutritional quality. Across all RTECs, only 5.1% could be promoted to children according to the considered NPMs. The most common nutrients requiring reformulation were sugar, saturated fatty acids (SFA), salt, and dietary fiber. The scenarios of reformulation considered could reduce the RTECs average content of total sugars, SFA, and salt by 43%, 8.7%, and 1.1%, respectively, and dietary fiber intake could be increased by 34%. Thus, these results support policies to implement reformulation strategies for developing healthier food products to be promoted to children.

scholarly journals Adolescent depression, early psychiatric comorbidities, and adulthood welfare burden: a 25-year longitudinal cohort study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Alaie ◽  
Richard Ssegonja ◽  
Anna Philipson ◽  
Anne-Liis von Knorring ◽  
Margareta Möller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Longitudinal Cohort Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidities ◽  
Longitudinal Cohort ◽  
Transfer Payments ◽  
Social Transfer ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Depression at all ages is recognized as a global public health concern, but less is known about the welfare burden following early-life depression. This study aimed to (1) estimate the magnitude of associations between depression in adolescence and social transfer payments in adulthood; and (2) address the impact of major comorbid psychopathology on these associations. Methods This is a longitudinal cohort study of 539 participants assessed at age 16–17 using structured diagnostic interviews. An ongoing 25-year follow-up linked the cohort (n = 321 depressed; n = 218 nondepressed) to nationwide population-based registries. Outcomes included consecutive annual data on social transfer payments due to unemployment, work disability, and public assistance, spanning from age 18 to 40. Parameter estimations used the generalized estimating equations approach. Results Adolescent depression was associated with all forms of social transfer payments. The estimated overall payment per person and year was 938 USD (95% CI 551–1326) over and above the amount received by nondepressed controls. Persistent depressive disorder was associated with higher recipiency across all outcomes, whereas the pattern of findings was less clear for subthreshold and episodic major depression. Moreover, depressed adolescents presenting with comorbid anxiety and disruptive behavior disorders evidenced particularly high recipiency, exceeding the nondepressed controls with an estimated 1753 USD (95% CI 887–2620). Conclusion Adolescent depression is associated with considerable public expenditures across early-to-middle adulthood, especially for those exposed to chronic/persistent depression and psychiatric comorbidities. This finding suggests that the clinical heterogeneity of early-life depression needs to be considered from a longer-term societal perspective.

scholarly journals The impact of environmental variables on the spread of COVID-19 in the Republic of Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Kwan Lim ◽  
Oh Joo Kweon ◽  
Hye Ryoun Kim ◽  
Tae-Hyoung Kim ◽  
Mi-Kyung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Ozone Level ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCorona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a global pandemic and is a major public health concern worldwide. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of environmental factors, such as climate and air pollutants, in the transmission of COVID-19 in the Republic of Korea. We collected epidemiological and environmental data from two regions of the Republic of Korea, namely Seoul metropolitan region (SMR) and Daegu-Gyeongbuk region (DGR) from February 2020 to July 2020. The data was then analyzed to identify correlations between each environmental factor with confirmed daily COVID-19 cases. Among the various environmental parameters, the duration of sunshine and ozone level were found to positively correlate with COVID-19 cases in both regions. However, the association of temperature variables with COVID-19 transmission revealed contradictory results when comparing the data from SMR and DGR. Moreover, statistical bias may have arisen due to an extensive epidemiological investigation and altered socio-behaviors that occurred in response to a COVID-19 outbreak. Nevertheless, our results suggest that various environmental factors may play a role in COVID-19 transmission.

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