scholarly journals Acute action of DSP-4 on central norepinephrine axons: biochemical and immunohistochemical evidence for differential effects.

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1435-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Grzanna ◽  
U Berger ◽  
J M Fritschy ◽  
M Geffard
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Selective Vulnerability ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Immunohistochemical Evidence ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies

Previous immunohistochemical studies of the long-term effects of the noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP-4 have demonstrated a remarkably selective vulnerability of norepinephrine (NE) axons of the locus coeruleus (LC). NE axons originating in non-LC NE neurons appear to be largely resistant to the neurotoxic action of DSP-4. We conducted this study to evaluate the acute effects of DSP-4 on NE axons in four different brain regions: cerebral cortex, cerebellum, ventral forebrain, and hypothalamus. NE levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 6 and 24 hr and 14 days after DSP-4 administration. NE axons in these brain regions were visualized in brain sections at 6 and 24 hr after drug treatment, using a specific antiserum to NE. HPLC assays revealed profound reductions of NE levels in cerebral cortex and cerebellum, but only minor decreases in ventral forebrain and hypothalamus. NE immunohistochemistry showed dramatic differences in the acute effects of DSP-4 on NE axon staining: nearly complete loss of staining in cortex and cerebellum, in contrast to an almost unchanged staining pattern in ventral forebrain and hypothalamus. This study demonstrates that NE immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool to assess the acute effects of DSP-4 on NE axons in different brain regions. The results provide the first direct evidence that NE axons are not uniformly acted on by DSP-4 and suggest that the acute effects of DSP-4 are restricted to LC axons.

scholarly journals Functional Connectivity within Brain Networks of Long Term and Short term Meditators

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Statistical Concept ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Meditative Practices

Meditation refers to a state of mind of relaxation and concentration, where generally the mind and body is at rest. The process of meditation reflects the state of the brain which is distinct from sleep or typical wakeful states of consciousness. Meditative practices usually involve regulation of emotions and monitoring of attention. Over the past decade there has been a tremendous increase in an interest to study the neural mechanisms involved in meditative practices. It could also be beneficial to explore if the effect of meditation is altered by the number of years of meditation practice. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is a very useful imaging technique which can be used to perform this analysis due to its inherent benefits, mainly it being a non-invasive technique. Functional activation and connectivity analysis can be performed on the fMRI data to find the active regions and the connectivity in the brain regions. Functional connectivity is defined as a simple temporal correlation between anatomically separate, active neural regions. Functional connectivity gives the statistical dependencies between regional time series. It is a statistical concept and is quantified using metrics like Correlation. In this study, a comparison is made between functional connectivity in the brain regions of long term meditation practitioners (LTP) and short-term meditation practitioners (STP) to see the differences and similarities in the connectivity patterns. From the analysis, it is evident that in fact there is a difference in connectivity between long term and short term practitioners and hence continuous practice of meditation can have long term effects.

scholarly journals Effects of nutritional status and acute variation in substrate supply on cardiac and skeletal-muscle fructose 2,6-bisphosphate concentrations

1988 ◽  
Vol 250 (3) ◽  
pp. 773-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
T J French ◽  
M J Holness ◽  
P A MacLennan ◽  
M C Sugden
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Substrate Supply ◽  
Lipid Substrate

We examined the long-term effects of nutritional status and the acute effects of changes in exogenous carbohydrate- and lipid-substrate supply and utilization on fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) concentrations in heart, gastrocnemius and soleus. Starvation decreased Fru-2,6-P2 concentrations in all three muscles. The acute administration of insulin and glucose increased skeletal-muscle Fru-2,6-P2 in the fed, but not in the starved, state, but cardiac Fru-2,6-P2 was unchanged. Cardiac and skeletal-muscle Fru-2,6-P2 concentrations were unaffected by acute increases in fatty acid supply produced by the administration of corn oil plus heparin, or by acute decreases in fatty acid supply produced by inhibition of lipolysis. Differences in cardiac and skeletal-muscle Fru-2,6-P2 concentrations observed in response to starvation were not reversed by administration of glucose or glucose plus insulin, or by inhibition of lipolysis, even though changes in citrate (heart), acylcarnitine (heart) and glycogen (skeletal muscle) were observed. Concentrations remained low for at least 8 h after chow re-feeding, but the fed value was restored by 24 h.

scholarly journals Undernutrition and Overnutrition in the Neonatal Rat: Long-Term Effects on Noradrenergic Pathways in Brain Regions

1990 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic J Seidler ◽  
Joanne M Bell ◽  
Theodore A Slotkin
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Long Term Effects

Long-term effects of cariprazine exposure on dopamine receptor subtypes

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Kee Choi ◽  
Nika Adham ◽  
Béla Kiss ◽  
István Gyertyán ◽  
Frank I. Tarazi
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Partial Agonist ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Repeated Treatment ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Preferential Binding

IntroductionAll clinically effective antipsychotics are known to act on the dopaminergic system, and previous studies have demonstrated that repeated treatment with antipsychotics produced region-specific changes in dopamine receptor levels. Cariprazine is a dopamine D3 and D2 receptor partial agonist with preferential binding to D3 receptors. We examined the effects of chronic cariprazine administration on dopamine receptor levels.MethodsRats were administered either vehicle or cariprazine (0.06, 0.2, or 0.6 mg/kg) for 28 days. Dopamine receptor levels were quantitated using autoradiographic assays on brain tissue sections from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), caudate putamen (CPu), hippocampus (HIPP), olfactory tubercle (OT), and islands of Calleja (ICj).ResultsChronic treatment with cariprazine did not alter D1 receptor levels in any brain region tested. Cariprazine increased D2 receptor levels in mPFC (27%–43%), NAc (40%–45%), medial (41%–53%) and lateral (52%–63%) CPu, and HIPP (38%). Cariprazine dose-dependently upregulated D3 receptor levels in ICj (32%–57%), OT (27%–67%), and NAc shell (31%–48%). Repeated cariprazine treatment increased D4 receptor in NAc (53%–82%), medial (54%–98%) and lateral (58%–74%) CPu, and HIPP (38%–98%).ConclusionSimilar to other antipsychotics, cariprazine upregulated D2 and D4 receptor levels in various brain regions. Cariprazine was unique among antipsychotics in increasing D3 receptor levels, which may support its unique psychopharmacologic properties.

FATE AND EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON AN ESTUARINE POND

1975 ◽  
Vol 1975 (1) ◽  
pp. 595-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia S. Lytle
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Fish Population ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Salt Marsh Plants ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Benthic Animals

ABSTRACT Crude oil spilled in an estuarine marine environment caused short term, acute effects on salt marsh plants. Drastic changes in both diversity and numbers in the fish population were observed immediately after the spill. Initially zooplankton populations dropped, accompanied by phytoplankton blooms. As the oil dissipated, the zooplankton population increased rapidly. Long-term effects on fauna and flora were being studied. Migration of the oil via benthic animals and tidal percolations was observed as much as 42 cm beneath the sediment surface. The sediments acted as an organic sink preserving the crude oil. Gas chromatographic analyses of sediment core sections indicate slow degradation of the crude oil with loss only of the lower molecular weight hydrocarbons after twelve months.

Hyperthermia‐induced seizures produce long‐term effects on the functionality of adenosine A 1 receptor in rat cerebral cortex

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
María Crespo ◽  
David Agustín León‐Navarro ◽  
María Ángeles Ruíz ◽  
Mairena Martín
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Rat Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Long Term Effects

A review of the effects of different marking and tagging techniques on marine mammals

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen A. Walker ◽  
Andrew W. Trites ◽  
Martin Haulena ◽  
Daniel M. Weary
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Radio Transmitters ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Published Research

Wildlife research often requires marking and tagging animals to collect data on survival, reproduction, movement, behaviour and physiology. Identification of individual marine mammals can be carried out using tags, brands, paint, dye, photogrammetry, telemetry and other techniques. An analysis of peer-reviewed articles published from January 1980 to April 2011 addressing the effects of marking revealed a preponderance of studies focussed on short-term effects such as injuries and behavioural changes. Some marking techniques were reported to cause pain and to change swimming and haul-out behaviour, maternal attendance, and duration of foraging trips. However, marking has typically not been found to affect survival. No published research has addressed other possible long-term effects of marking related to injuries or pain responses. Studies of the more immediate effects of marking (mostly related to externally attached devices such as radio-transmitters) have shown a variety of different types and magnitudes of responses. It is important to note that studies failing to find treament differences are less likely to be published, meaning that the present and any other reviews based on published literature may be a biased sample of all research conducted on the topic. Publishing results that found no or low impacts (i.e. best practices) as well as those that found significant impacts on animals should both be encouraged. Future research under more controlled conditions is required to document acute effects of marking, including injury and pain, and to better understand longer-term effects on health, reproduction and survival. We recommend that studies using marked animals standardise their reports, with added detail on methodology, monitoring and sampling design, and address practices used to minimise the impact of marking on marine mammals.

scholarly journals Long-term effects of aripiprazole exposure on monoaminergic and glutamatergic receptor subtypes: comparison with cariprazine

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 484-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Kee Choi ◽  
Nika Adham ◽  
Béla Kiss ◽  
István Gyertyán ◽  
Frank I. Tarazi
Keyword(s):  
Ampa Receptors ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Caudate Putamen ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Clinical Benefits

ObjectiveThis study examined the chronic effects of aripiprazole and cariprazine on serotonin (5-HT1Aand 5-HT2A) and glutamate (NMDA and AMPA) receptor subtypes. In addition, the effects of aripiprazole on D2and D3receptors were tested and compared with previously reported cariprazine data.MethodsRats received vehicle, aripiprazole (2, 5, or 15 mg/kg), or cariprazine (0.06, 0.2, or 0.6 mg/kg) for 28 days. Receptor levels were quantified using autoradiographic assays on brain sections from the medial prefrontal cortex (MPC), dorsolateral frontal cortex (DFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), caudate-putamen medial (CPu–M), caudate-putamen lateral (CPu–L), hippocampal CA1 (HIPP–CA1) and CA3 (HIPP–CA3) regions, and the entorhinal cortex (EC).ResultsSimilar to previous findings with cariprazine, aripiprazole upregulated D2receptor levels in various regions; D3receptor changes were less than those reported with cariprazine. All aripiprazole doses and higher cariprazine doses increased 5-HT1Areceptors in the MPC and DFC. Higher aripiprazole and all cariprazine doses increased 5-HT1Areceptors in HIPP–CA1 and HIPP–CA3. Aripiprazole decreased 5-HT2Areceptors in the MPC, DFC, HIPP–CA1, and HIPP–CA3 regions. Both compounds decreased NMDA receptors and increased AMPA receptors in select brain regions.ConclusionsLong-term administration of aripiprazole and cariprazine had similar effects on 5-HT1A, NMDA, and AMPA receptors. However, cariprazine more profoundly increased D3receptors while aripiprazole selectively reduced 5-HT2Areceptors. These results suggest that the unique actions of cariprazine on dopamine D3receptors, combined with its effects on serotonin and glutamate receptor subtypes, may confer the clinical benefits, safety, and tolerability of this novel compound in schizophrenia and bipolar mania.

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