scholarly journals Afibrinogenemia and Thrombocytopenia in Guinea Pigs Following Injection of Echis Colorata Venom

Blood ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
JADWIGA RECHNIC ◽  
POLA TRACHTENBERG ◽  
JULIAN CASPER ◽  
CHAJA MOROZ ◽  
ANDRÉ DE VRIES
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Procoagulant Activity ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Factor V ◽  
Factor V Deficiency ◽  
Fibrinogenolytic Activity ◽  
Fraction I ◽  
Lethal Doses

Abstract Intravenous injection into the guinea pig of lethal doses of Echis colorata venom or of each of its two chromatographic fractions, separately, caused hemorrhage, afibrinogenemia, factor V deficiency and thrombocytopenia. Sublethal venom doses caused afibrinogenemia, factor V deficiency and thrombocytopenia in the absence of hemorrhage. Early intravascular clotting was observed following injection of high lethal doses of both whole venom and of procoagulant-containing fraction II, but not of fraction I which was devoid of procoagulant activity. The afibrinogenemia produced by fraction I was due to its fibrinogenolysin, whereas the afibrinogenemia produced by fraction II, which also had fibrinogenolytic activity, was due chiefly to its procoagulant. Anti-Echis colorata venom rabbit serum inhibited the fibrinogenolytic, the procoagulant and the thrombocytopenic activities of the venom.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGY OF THE PERUVIAN STRAINS OF LEPTOSPIRA ICTEROIDES

1921 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi ◽  
I. J. Kligler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose ◽  
Lethal Doses

Serum from yellow fever convalescents from Payta, Piura, and Morropon gave a positive Pfeiffer reaction with the strains of Leptospira icteroides isolated in Guayaquil and Merida. The serum also protected the guinea pigs from these strains in the majority of instances. The Pfeiffer reaction was complete with all recent convalescents (7 to 36 days) but slight or partial in some instances with serum derived from individuals who had had the attack of yellow fever 10 months previously. The virulence of the Morropon strains was found to be approximately the same as that of the Guayaquil or Merida strains. With one strain the minimum lethal dose for the guinea pig was less than 0.00001 cc. of a kidney emulsion from an infected guinea pig. Suitable quantities of the anti-icteroides serum administered to guinea pigs inoculated with 2,000 to 20,000 minimum lethal doses of infective material prevented the development of the infection, or a fatal outcome, according as the serum was given during the incubation period or after fever had appeared. The earlier the administration of the serum the smaller was the quantity needed; during the incubation period 0.0001 to 0.001 cc. was sufficient, during the febrile period 0.01 to 0.1 cc. was required to check the progress of the disease, and even at the time when jaundice had already appeared, the injection of 0.1 to 1 cc. saved three out of four animals inoculated with Strain 3 and one out of three inoculated with Strain 1. The native guinea pigs secured in Payta proved to be unusually refractory to infection with Leptospira icteroides as compared with normal guinea pigs recently imported from New York. Fresh rabbit serum is recommended for culture work with Leptospira icteroides.

scholarly journals Reversed passive anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig

1940 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. van den Ende
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Anaphylactic Shock ◽  
Cellular Mechanism ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Rabbit Antibody ◽  
Egg Albumin

Attempts to demonstrate reversed passive anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig with crystalline egg albumin as sensitizing antigen have been uniformly negative.When purified anti-pneumococcal antibody globulin was used as sensitizing antigen, reversed anaphylactic shock could be elicited in guinea-pigs by the intravenous injection of precipitins for the antibody globulin.The mild reactions which could be elicited when the total globulins from the serum of normal rabbits were used as sensitizing antigen are probably dependent on the presence of small amounts of y globulin.Reversed passive anaphylaxis, like direct anaphylaxis, is dependent on a cellular mechanism, and the success of experiments in which rabbit antibody globulin was used as sensitizing antigen depends on the acceptability of the antibody to the cells of the guinea-pig's tissues.Antigenic differences between antibody globulins and total normal globulins from rabbit serum are noted.

scholarly journals THE RELATION BETWEEN ANTIANAPHYLAXIS AND ANTIBODY BALANCE

1936 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion C. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Anaphylactic Reaction ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Intravenous Inoculation ◽  
Lethal Doses ◽  
Circulating Antibody ◽  
Pig Serum ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

1. Sensitized guinea pigs injected with normal rabbit or guinea pig serum previous to intravenous inoculation of antigen may be protected against a few lethal doses of antigen. The protection is greater with foreign than with homologous serum and appears to be related roughly to the amount of serum introduced. 2. Sensitized guinea pigs injected with antibody-containing serum preliminary to intravenous injection of antigen, show no greater refractoriness to anaphylaxis than do those injected with normal serum. 3. Moreover, in many instances, the injection of an excess of antibody into the circulation of sensitized guinea pigs, leads to an increased susceptibility of these animals to anaphylaxis. 4. These results indicate that an excess of circulating antibody is not responsible for a state of antianaphylaxis, but on the contrary, may contribute toward the anaphylactic reaction itself.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL (MANGANESE DIOXIDE) ADMINISTERED INTRAVENOUSLY TO THE DOG, RABBIT, GUINEA PIG, RAT, CHICKEN, AND TURTLE

1921 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Lund ◽  
Louis A. Shaw ◽  
Cecil K. Drinker
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Manganese Dioxide ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quantitative Distribution

The distribution of manganese dioxide particles 1 hour following intravenous injection in cats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, chickens, and turtles is described. This distribution is remarkably constant for all the animals tested, except the cat, in which the injected material is practically equally divided between the lungs and liver. In the other animals the liver performs the main share of the work, and in the cat it has been shown that the liver after 12 hours accumulates the manganese which was formerly deposited in the lungs. The results are in harmony with experiments in which bacterial suspensions are employed for injection and confirm the suggestion previously made (2) that in the first handling of foreign particulate material the animal behaves similarly whether protein or inorganic injections are used.

scholarly journals Immunity of Guinea-pigs to Diphtheria Toxin and its Effect upon the Offspring

1911 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Südmersen ◽  
A. T. Glenny
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Lethal Doses

1. Diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixtures induce a higher immunity in guinea-pigs than sub-lethal doses of toxin; one injection of the mixture being sufficient to produce an immunity lasting in some cases for a period of over two years, as shown by the passive immunity conferred on the offspring.2. The highest immunity is produced by toxin-antitoxin mixtures containing the most uncombined toxoid.3. The active immunity of the mother is transferred passively to the offspring.4. The passive immunity thus transferred usually disappears at the end of two months after birth, and only in rare instances has been recongnised after three months.5. Immunity is mainly transmitted in utero, and only to a slight extent during lactation.6. Young bred from does that have been used for a single routine antitoxin test may be able to tolerate 14 times the does of diphtheria toxin fatal for a normal guinea-pig.

scholarly journals SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM OF THE SENSITIZED GUINEA PIG

1928 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 987-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Griffith Ramsdell
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
General Process ◽  
Toxic Injury ◽  
Uranium Nitrate

The change in surface tension behavior in the serum of sensitized guinea pigs is, as du Noüy has concluded for immunized rabbit serum, not referable to an antibody content, since we know that the capacity for transfer of sensitization remains in the serum indefinitely, while the increased time-drop phenomenon is a transitory manifestation. That this phenomenon cannot be invoked by a new antigen capable of calling out its specific antibody would seem to make this response one due to some basic stable alteration of a tissue active in the general process of sensitization: That this alteration is not one called out by such a simple toxic injury as a uranium nitrate nephritis is contributory evidence that the primary toxicity of the horse serum is not the specific factor involved.

scholarly journals THE CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERS OF THE IMMUNITY PRODUCED IN THE GUINEA PIG BY INSTILLATION OF HORSE SERUM INTO THE NOSE

1916 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Sewall ◽  
Cuthbert Powell
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Normal Animal ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Resting Period

1. Normal guinea pigs treated by four to six instillations of horse serum into the nose on alternate days become either hypersensitive or refractory to an intravenous injection of 0.38 cc. of serum given 16 days after the last instillation. If the amount of serum in each instillation is as much as 0.2 cc., anaphylactic death is caused by the toxic injection. If the amount of serum in each instillation is reduced to 0.04 cc. the first intravenous injection is without marked effect, and a second injection and subsequent injections of the same amount of antigen are well tolerated in about half the cases. 2. The effect produced by a given dose of serum, whether protective or anaphylactic, depends probably upon the extent of contact with the mucous membrane of the nose. 3. Guinea pigs which, after nasal treatment, have become tolerant to a definite maximum intravenous injection of the antigen appear to increase the degree of their tolerance, at least up to a resting period of more than 4 months. The same does not hold in animals immunized by the peritoneal route. 4. The first two or three instillations of a series probably determine the biologic character, whether of hypersensitiveness or hyposensitiveness, of reaction towards the serum. 5. It is probable that, contrary to the case in parenteral sensitization, hypersensitiveness and protection, respectively, set up by nasal instillations and not followed by parenteral injections, gradually disappear in about 50 to 100 days. 6. We have failed in attempts to eliminate hypersensitiveness, due to subcutaneous injection of serum, by nasal instillations which would protect the normal animal from the development of anaphylaxis. 7. It is suggested that the principles of prophylaxis evolved under these relatively simple conditions should be applied in the study of infectious disease.

scholarly journals Some observations on reversed anaphylaxis

1939 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 471-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. van den Ende
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Systemic Blood Pressure ◽  
Serum Fractions ◽  
Bronchial Resistance ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Pig Serum

1. The symptoms and autopsy findings in guinea-pigs following intravenous injection of antisera prepared against guinea-pig serum or serum fractions are described. Two types of reaction were observed, acute and delayed, similar to those described in direct anaphylaxis.2. The alterations in systemic blood pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and bronchial resistance, were investigated and found to simulate closely those observable in ordinary anaphylactic shock.3. The antisera have the power of stimulating contraction of the isolated uterus of the guinea-pig, either in the presence or absence of excess guinea-pig serum. The reaction, like that observed in direct anaphylaxis, is therefore cellular.4. Antisera prepared against guinea-pig serum proteins contain, in addition to precipitins, agglutinins for the red cells of that species, and Forssmann antibody. Neither of the last two antibodies, however, is responsible for the shock phenomena here described. It appears that the potency of a serum to produce shock in guinea-pigs is dependent on several factors, of which the most important is the content in precipitins reacting with the guinea-pig serum proteins. These precipitins give rise to the reactions following intravenous injection into guinea-pigs, not merely as a result of humoral combination with homologous antigens, but largely, if not wholly, as the result of an immune reaction with antigens in the protoplasm of the tissue cells.

scholarly journals Variation in Susceptibility of Guinea-pigs to Diphtheria Toxin

1909 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Sudmersen ◽  
A. T. Glenny
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Lethal Doses

1. A larger dose of toxin is necessary to kill a guinea-pig of the same weight in summer than in winter.2. The rate of growth of guinea-pigs is more rapid in the summer months.3. The weights of guinea-pigs are least affected by lethal doses in summer.4. For guinea-pigs of the same weight the fatal dose increases with the age.

scholarly journals Species variations in the threshold molecular-weight factor for the biliary excretion of organic anions

1972 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Hirom ◽  
P. Millburn ◽  
R. L. Smith ◽  
R. T. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Biliary Excretion ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Organic Anions ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Weight Factor ◽  
Molecular Weights

1. The excretion in the bile and urine after intravenous injection of 16 organic anions having molecular weights between 355 and 752 was studied in female rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. 2. These compounds were mostly excreted unchanged, except for three of them, which were metabolized to a slight extent (<7% of dose). 3. The rat excreted all the compounds extensively (22–90% of dose) in the bile. 4. In guinea pigs four of the compounds with mol.wt. 355–403 were excreted in the bile to the extent of 7–16% of the dose, four with mol.wt. 407–465 to the extent of 25–44% and eight compounds with mol.wt. 479–752 to the extent of 44–100%. 5. In rabbits four compounds with mol.wt. 355–465 were excreted in the bile to the extent of 1–8% of the dose, two compounds with mol.wt. 479 and 495 to the extent of 24 and 22%, and six compounds with mol.wt. 505–752 to the extent of 31–94%. 6. These results, together with those of other investigations from this laboratory, are discussed and the conclusion is reached that there is a threshold molecular weight for appreciable biliary excretion (i.e. more than 10% of dose) of anions, which varies with species: about 325±50 for the rat, 400±50 for the guinea pig and 475±50 for the rabbit. 7. Anions with molecular weights greater than about 500 are extensively excreted in the bile of all three species. 8. That proportion of the dose of these compounds which is not excreted in the bile is excreted in the urine, and in the three species, bile and urine are complementary excretory pathways, urinary excretion being greatest for the compounds of lowest molecular weight and tending to decrease with increasing molecular weight. 9. Some implications of this interspecies variation in the molecular-weight requirement for extensive biliary excretion are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document