Kadar hambat minimum dan kadar bunuh minimum ekstrak etanol lengkuas merah (Alpinia galanga L.) terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicansThe minimum inhibitory concentration and a minimum lethal dose of red galangal (Alpinia galanga L.) ethanolic extract on the growth of Candida albicans

Pendahuluan: Kandidiasis rongga mulut merupakan infeksi yang disebabkan oleh jamur patogen Candida albicans, dengan prevalensi cukup tinggi yaitu 20% - 75%. Obat antijamur yang umum digunakan untuk pengobatan kandidiasis rongga mulut adalah nistatin, akan tetapi nistatin memiliki efek samping dan harganya relatif mahal. Sebagai alternatif lain digunakan tanaman obat seperti lengkuas merah (Alpinia galanga L) yang diduga memiliki aktivitas antijamur. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kadar hambat minimum (KHM) dan kadar bunuh minimum (KBM) ekstrak etanol lengkuas merah terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans. Metode: Jenis penelitian eksperimental murni dengan membandingkan kelompok uji yang mengandung ekstrak etanol lengkuas merah (alpinia galanga L) dengan konsentrasi 200mg/ml; 100mg/ml; 50mg/ml; 25mg/ml; 12,5mg/ml; 6,25mg/ml; kontrol positif berupa nistatin, dan kontrol negatif berupa DMSO 10% terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans dengan mengamati kekeruhan larutan pada 96 well plate menggunakan spectrophotometer dan KBM ditentukan menggunakan colony counter dengan pengulangan sebanyak 4 kali. Analisis data menggunakan uji parametrik ANOVA dan uji Post Hoc Tuckey. Hasil: Hasil uji ANOVA nilai p 0,00 yang artinya bahwa kedua data memiliki nilai yang signifikan antar perlakuan, dan uji Post Hoc Tuckey memperlihatkan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada setiap kelompok uji terhadap jumlah Candida. Simpulan: Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM) ekstrak etanol lengkuas merah (Alpinia galanga L) terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicancs adalah 200mg/ml namun hanya menghambat 60%, sedangkan ekstrak etanol lengkuas merah (Alpinia galanga L) tidak dapat membunuh Candida albicans.Kata kunci: Candida albicans, lengkuas merah, Alpinia galanga L. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Candida albicans is a pathogenic fungus that can cause oral candidiasis, reaches 20% - 70% prevalence in human. Antifungal drugs often used for oral candidiasis treatment is nystatin, but nystatin has many harmful side effects, and its price is relatively high. Therefore, herbal remedies such as red galangal (Alpinia galanga L.), which presumed to have antifungal activity, can be used as an alternative treatment. The purpose of this research was to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and a minimum lethal dose of red galangal ethanolic extract on the growth of Candida albicans. Methods: This research was an experimental laboratory, conducted by comparing the test group containing ethanolic extracts of red galangal (Alpinia galanga L.) with the concentrations of 200mg/ml; 100mg/ml; 50mg/ml; 25mg/ml; 12.5mg/ml; and 6.25mg/ml; positive control group was treated with nystatin; and negative control with 10% DMSO. The solutions on 96 well plates were observed with a spectrophotometer, and the minimum killing concentration (MKC) was determined using a colony counter, and the experiment was replicated four times. The result was then analysed with ANOVA parametric test and the Post-Hoc Tuckey test afterwards. Results: The result of the ANOVA test showed that the p-value was < 0.05, which means that all treatments have a significant value, while the Post-Hoc Tuckey test indicated that there were significant differences in each group regarding the number of Candida albicans. Conclusion: Minimum Inhibitory Level (MIC) of red galangal (Alpinia galanga L) ethanolic extract against Candida albicans growth is 200mg/ml but only inhibits 60% of the growth. In contrast, the extract is unable to mortally affects the Candida albicans.Keywords: Candida albicans, red galangal, Alpinia galanga L.

Role of PstS in the Pathogenesis of Acinetobacter baumannii Under Microaerobiosis and Normoxia

Acinetobacter baumannii is a successful pathogen responsible for infections with high mortality rate. During the course of infection it can be found in microaerobic environments, which influences virulence factor expression. From a previous transcriptomic analysis of A. baumannii ATCC 17978 under microaerobiosis, we know the gene pstS is overexpressed under microaerobiosis. Here, we studied its role in A. baumannii virulence. pstS loss significantly decreased bacterial adherence and invasion into A549 cells and increased A549 cell viability. pstS loss also reduced motility and biofilm-forming ability of A. baumannii. In a peritoneal sepsis murine model, the minimum lethal dose required by A. baumannii ATCC 17978 ΔpstS was lower compared to the wild type (4.3 vs 3.2 log colony forming units/mL, respectively), and the bacterial burden in tissues and fluids was lower. Thus, the loss of the phosphate sensor PstS produced a decrease in A. baumannii pathogenesis, supporting its role as a virulence factor.

Study of protective properties of butyrylcholinesterase in acute anticholinesterase poisoning on BChE-KO and BALB/c mice

Introduction: The article presents the results of studying the protective properties of recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase (rhBChE) in a model of acute anticholinesterase poisoning in mice knocked out for the BChE gene. Balb/c inbred mice were also used to demonstrate the important role of BChE. Materials and methods: In the study, BChE-ko and Balb/c mice were used. An organophosphorus compound (OPC) paraoxon was used as a toxic agent causing acute anticholinesterase poisoning. rhBChE was used as an antidote for OPC poisoning. To obtain rhBChE, an expression system based on CHO cell lines was chosen. In order to suppress BChE in Balb/c mice, a carboxyl esterase blocker cresylbenzodioxaphosphorin oxide (CBDP) was used. Two parameters were used to study the recovery after toxicity modeling: the end time of the animal tremor and the distance covered in open-field for 3 minutes. Results and discussion: The acute poisoning model using the CBDP blocker showed that the sensitivity of Balb/c mice increased significantly. The use of rhBChE against the background of CBDP allowed achieving 100% survival of animals with the minimum lethal dose of paraoxon. Knockout mice are expected to be more sensitive to the toxin, and the use of a biological trap in the form of rhBChE made it possible for 70% of the animals to survive with the minimum lethal dose of paraoxon. Besides, the use of rhBChE facilitated reducing the recovery time after OPC poisoning. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the use of rhBChE as a protective agent in acute OPC poisoning significantly increased the survival of the animals and reduced the clinical manifestations of poisoning.

The effect of Verotoxin Producing Escherichia coli in Development of Experimental Gastroenteritis among Streptomycin Treated Murine Model: A Longitudinal Study

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a newly emerged pathogen, which has been recognized as a major cause of large scale epidemics and thousands of sporadic cases of gastrointestinal illness. This observation particularly calls for the in vivo examination of E. coli O157 candidates in an attempt to mimic various aspects of E. coli O157:H7 disease symptoms in humans. Healthy conventional Swiss albino mice were used for investigating the clinical manifestation exerted by stx1A and stx2A positive E. coli O157:H7 in various doses applied through three alternative routes (oral, intramuscular and intraperitoneal). The highest titer of orally added E. coli 0157:H7 (109 CFU ml-1) among the five test doses had started symptoms at the earliest time and manifested most of the classical symptoms. The symptoms started to become visible at 14th hour, increased with time and had reached moribund condition near 48th hour just before death of the host. The oral way of E. coli O157:H7 addition at the dose of 100 ?l suspension containing 1 X 109CFU ml-1 was taken as the most potent concentration in producing bacterial fatality and hence was selected as the Minimum Lethal Dose (MLD).Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 30, Number 1-2,June-Dec 2013, pp 31-38

Exploring the best possible route of infection of Verotxin producing Escherichia coli in development of experimental gastroenteritis among streptomycin treated murine model

The prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 induced bacteremia generate a critical problem in modern medical therapy for bacterial infections. This study sought to find out the best possible route and dose of E. coli 0157:H7 infection in experimental murine model by periodic stool and blood culture count of relevant bacterial strains. Streptomycin treated mouse model were used for investigating the clinical manifestation exerted by stx1A and stx2A positive E. coli O157:H7 with increasing doses applied through three alternative routes (oral, intramuscular and intraperitoneal). The highest titer of orally added E. coli 0157:H7 among five test doses started showing symptoms at the earliest time and reached moribund condition about 48 hours just before being dead. The oral way of E.coli O157:H7 at the dose of 100 ml suspension containing 1 ´ 109CFU ml-1 was taken as the most potent concentration in producing bacterial fatality and hence was selected as the minimum lethal dose (MLD).Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 39, No. 1, 53-58, 2015

Development of IgY antibodies for control of tetanus

Tetanus is a cut and often highly fatal infectious disease that affects both human and animals; the disease caused by exotoxin which produced by C. tetani. In the current study, we try to get hyperimmune IgY in chicken egg against tetanus toxin and use it as prophylaxis and therapeutic treatment for tetanus. The obtained IgY titer after inoculation of tetanus toxin in chicken eggs was 1320 limit of flocculation (Lf-eq) after 72 hr. IgY in adose of 4500 Lf-eq can be protect donkey after artificial infection by 1 minimum lethal dose (MLD) of C. tetani. While a dose of 30000 Lf-eq IgY intramuscularly two times daily for 2 injections, with 9500 Limit of flocculation Lf-eq IgY intrathecally in subarachnoid space was 100% curative for a donkey which was challenged with 1 MLD of C. tetani. Furthermore, IgY was evaluated experimentally in comparison with IgG in mice. IgY has equally efficacy to IgG in prophylaxis and treatment of tetanus.

Study on Modeling of the Minimum Lethal Dose while Rescue Poisoning

The minimum lethal dose of the children and adults taking aminophylline tablets and severe poisoning is discussed in the paper. Linear differential equations and function image are both introduced to analysis timely rescue methods of the human during poisoning. Meanwhile, modeling is provided and the model solution is given. In the end, the simulation results showed the fatal time of the smallest dose and effective rescue when taking aminophylline poisoning.