The state of pulmonary ventilation with varying degrees of severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by tobacco dependence

The analysis of the ventilation function of the lungs was carried out against the background of different severity of the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with different severity of nicotine dependence. It was found that an increase in the degree of nicotine dependence is directly proportional to an increase in bronchial resistance and a decrease in the elasticity of lung tissue. The degree of nicotine addiction to a greater extent changes the rate indicators, which increase with treatment.

Functional state of the small airways in patients with bronchial asthma associated with obesity

Aim. To assess the functional status of the small Airways in patients with bronchial asthma associated with obesity, by body plethysmography. Materials and methods. 65 patients with bronchial asthma of mild severity, partially controlled course, including 30 patients with normal body weight and 35 patients with obesity of I degree were examined. Control group-30 healthy volunteers. Examined forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) ratio of FEV1 to FVC (FEV1/FVC), maximum volumetric exhalation rate after 25.50 and 75% FVC (MEF75, MEF50, MEF25), average flow velocity in the exhalation interval 25-75% of FVC (MMEF25-75). Method bodyplethysmography was evaluated in bronchial resistance, functional residual capacity (FRC), residual volume of the lungs (RV), total lung capacity (TLC), the percentage of RV/TLC. Results. Patients with bronchial asthma with obesity showed a reduction of indicators of bronchial obstruction: FEV1 of 14% (p=0.02), FEV1/FVC by 14% (p=0.001), MEF75 30% (p=0.001), MEF50 by 35% (p=0.001), MEF25 by 44% (p=0.003), MMEF25-75 by 38% (p=0.001). The increase of bronchial resistance on inhalation in 2 times (p=0.001), on exhalation in 3.3 times (p=0.003) was found, which is typical for generalized bronchial obstruction at the proximal level. An increase in RV by 24% (p=0.03), TLC - by 9% (p=0.03), RV/TLC - by 18% (p=0.03), indicating the presence of "air traps" and dysfunction of the small respiratory tract. Conclusion. In patients with asthma of mild severity associated with obesity, both the central bronchis and the distal lung are affected, which are manifested by generalized bronchial obstruction, the formation of "air traps" and dysfunction of the small respiratory tract.

ACOS: Clinical and functional features The Russian formulation mesalazine (kansalazine) in the therapy of ulcerative colitis

Aim. To investigate the clinical and functional parameters in patients with asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome (ACOS) versus those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Subjects and methods. A total of 129 people were examined. 51 patients with ACOS were followed up in Group 1; Group 2 included 38 patients with severe asthma; Group 3 consisted of 40 patients with severe COPD. All the patients underwent clinical examination: history data collection, physical examination, evaluation of disease symptoms, and study of respiratory function (spirometry, body plethysmography). Results. ACOS is clinically characterized by considerable demands for emergency drugs and by more frequent asthmatic fits and exacerbations, which require hospitalization. The parameters of bronchial resistance in ACOS were established to be increased throughout the follow-up period and to be comparable with those in patients with COPD. In the patients with ACOS, the severity of pulmonary hyperinflation was associated with increased demands for emergency drugs (r=0.59; p=0.015). Fixed bronchial obstruction in ACOS can be caused by smoking intensity and duration associated with increased bronchial resistance in expiration (r=0.51; p=0.003) and intrathoracic volume (r=0.71; p=0.0001); as well as increased body mass index (p

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Reverses Ammonium Metavanadate-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Rats

The rate of atmospheric vanadium is constantly increasing due to fossil fuel combustion. This environmental pollution favours vanadium exposure in particular to its vanadate form, causing occupational bronchial asthma and bronchitis. Based on the well admitted bronchodilator properties of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), we investigated the ability of this neuropeptide to reverse the vanadate-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in rats. Exposure to ammonium metavanadate aerosols (5 mg/m3/h) for 15 minutes induced 4 hours later an array of pathophysiological events, including increase of bronchial resistance and histological alterations, activation of proinflammatory alveolar macrophages, and increased oxidative stress status. Powerfully, PACAP inhalation (0.1 mM) for 10 minutes alleviated many of these deleterious effects as demonstrated by a decrease of bronchial resistance and histological restoration. PACAP reduced the level of expression of mRNA encoding inflammatory chemokines (MIP-1α, MIP-2, and KC) and cytokines (IL-1αand TNF-α) in alveolar macrophages and improved the antioxidant status. PACAP reverses the vanadate-induced airway hyperresponsiveness not only through its bronchodilator activity but also by counteracting the proinflammatory and prooxidative effects of the metal. Then, the development of stable analogs of PACAP could represent a promising therapeutic alternative for the treatment of inflammatory respiratory disorders.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LUNGS IN PATIENTS PROGRESSING MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY VARIOUS SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE

Results of research of biomechanics of breathing at patients with progressing muscular dystrophy (PMD) and their interpretation are unique. Compared indicators of ventilating function of lungs and indicators of mechanics of breathing at 31 patients with PMD to 1–2 extent of motive frustration and 17 patients with 3–4 extent of motive frustration. In both groups of sick MVL and OFV-1 are lowered to the same extent, bronchial resistance isn’t increased. In the 2nd group the reserve volume of an expiratory is reduced for the account decrease in force of respiratory muscles is decreased. Elastic draft of lungs is reduced, the coefficient of functional activity of lungs is increased. At spontaneous breath the tensile properties of lungs are lowered, increased elastic fraction of work of breathing. The general nonelastic resistance of lungs is on the average equally increased in both groups at the expense of increase of tissue friction. At 12 sick PMD the abnormal respiratory loop came to light: completely I was absent at 8 patients and at 4 there was no inspiratory or expiratory part of a loop. Changes of indicators of mechanics of breath are the in generally functionally, and are considered as manifestation of compensatory strengthening of function of an intra pulmonary source of mechanical energy.

Structure of pulmonary non-elastic resistance in community-acquired pneumonia

70 community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients and 50 healthy individuals were examined with the identification of general non-elastic resistance (GNR), aerodynamic resistance (40 CAP patients и 30 healthy individuals), bronchial resistance (Raw) (30 CAP patients и 20 healthy individuals), fabric friction (FF). Raw was identified as being within due values. GNR was high due to the FF increase.

Dynamics of the collateral pathways of canine lungs after flow interruption

After interruption of a constant flow (Vcoll) delivered through a bronchoscope into a wedged segment of lung, the pressure at the tip of the bronchoscope (Pb) often decays in a pattern seemingly indicative of two time constants. We tested the hypothesis that the initial more rapid component of the decay is associated with pressure equilibration across the bronchial resistance (Rb), separating bronchoscope tip from alveolus, and that the slower component is associated with pressure equilibration across the collateral pathways separating the wedged segment from surrounding regions. In eight open-chest mongrel dogs, we affixed an alveolar capsule to the segment subtended by the wedged bronchoscope and measured alveolar pressure (PA) and Pb during delivery of Vcoll into the segment and after its sudden interruption. Under both control conditions and after delivery of aerosolized histamine (1.0 or 10 mg/ml), we were unable to demonstrate a gradient between Pb and PA either during constant flow or after flow interruption. Whenever the decay of Pb was not monoexponential, neither was that of PA. Thus there was no evidence of an appreciable Rb, and the rapid component of the decay must be attributable to other factors. In a second protocol, we examined whether behavior departing from monoexponential decay was attributable to the presence of multicompartment behavior within the wedged segment or rather reflected the behavior of a single homogeneous but nonlinear compartment. In five closed-chest dogs, we systematically varied the initial Pb by changing Vcoll and recorded nonexponential pressure decay after flow interruption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)