scholarly journals Intersections of lung progenitor cells, lung disease and lung cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (144) ◽  
pp. 170054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla F. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Genetically Engineered Mouse Models ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Lung Progenitor

The use of stem cell biology approaches to study adult lung progenitor cells and lung cancer has brought a variety of new techniques to the field of lung biology and has elucidated new pathways that may be therapeutic targets in lung cancer. Recent results have begun to identify the ways in which different cell populations interact to regulate progenitor activity, and this has implications for the interventions that are possible in cancer and in a variety of lung diseases. Today's better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate lung progenitor cell self-renewal and differentiation, including understanding how multiple epigenetic factors affect lung injury repair, holds the promise for future better treatments for lung cancer and for optimising the response to therapy in lung cancer. Working between platforms in sophisticated organoid culture techniques, genetically engineered mouse models of injury and cancer, and human cell lines and specimens, lung progenitor cell studies can begin with basic biology, progress to translational research and finally lead to the beginnings of clinical trials.

scholarly journals Effects of androgens on endothelial progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo

2009 ◽  
Vol 117 (10) ◽  
pp. 355-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Paolo Fadini ◽  
Mattia Albiero ◽  
Andrea Cignarella ◽  
Chiara Bolego ◽  
Christian Pinna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Endothelial Progenitor Cells ◽  
Endothelial Progenitor Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Endothelial Progenitor ◽  
Healthy Human

The beneficial or detrimental effects of androgens on the cardiovascular system are debated. Endothelial progenitor cells are bone-marrow-derived cells involved in endothelial healing and angiogenesis, which promote cardiovascular health. Oestrogens are potent stimulators of endothelial progenitor cells, and previous findings have indicated that androgens may improve the biology of these cells as well. In the present study, we show that testosterone and its active metabolite dihydrotestosterone exert no effects on the expansion and function of late endothelial progenitors isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy human adult males, whereas they positively modulate early ‘monocytic’ endothelial progenitor cells. In parallel, we show that castration in rats is followed by a decrease in circulating endothelial progenitor cells, but that testosterone and dihydrotestosterone replacement fails to restore endothelial progenitor cells towards normal levels. This is associated with persistently low oestrogen levels after androgen replacement in castrated rats. In a sample of 62 healthy middle-aged men, we show that circulating endothelial progenitor cell levels are more directly associated with oestradiol, rather than with testosterone, concentrations. In conclusion, our results collectively demonstrate that androgens exert no direct effects on endothelial progenitor cell biology in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals Sox2 is an oncogenic driver of small cell lung cancer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Voigt ◽  
Hannah Wollenzien ◽  
Josh Feiner ◽  
Ethan Thompson ◽  
Madeline Vande Kamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Genetically Engineered Mouse Models ◽  
Oncogenic Driver ◽  
New Treatments

AbstractAlthough many cancer prognoses have improved in the past fifty years due to advancements in treatments, there has been little to no improvement in therapies for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) which currently has a five-year survival rate of less than 7%. One promising avenue to improve treatment for SCLC is to understand its underlying genetic alterations that drive its formation and growth. One such mutation in SCLC, which appears in many cancers, is of the Rb gene. When mutated, Rb causes hyperproliferation and loss of cellular identity. Normally Rb promotes differentiation by regulating lineage specific transcription factors including regulation of pluripotency factors such as Sox2. However, there is evidence that when certain tissues lose Rb, Sox2 becomes upregulated and promotes oncogenesis. To better understand the relationship between Rb and Sox2 and to uncover new treatments for SCLC we have studied the role of Sox2 in Rb loss initiated tumors by investigating both the tumor initiation in SCLC genetically engineered mouse models, as well as tumor maintenance in SCLC cell lines.

scholarly journals Depression and Antidepressants During Pregnancy: Craniofacial Defects Due to Stem/Progenitor Cell Deregulation Mediated by Serotonin

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Sánchez ◽  
Jesús Juárez-Balarezo ◽  
Marcia Olhaberry ◽  
Humberto González-Oneto ◽  
Antonia Muzard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Craniofacial Development ◽  
Serotonin Signaling ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Craniofacial Defects

Depression is a common and debilitating mood disorder that increases in prevalence during pregnancy. Worldwide, 7 to 12% of pregnant women experience depression, in which the associated risk factors include socio-demographic, psychological, and socioeconomic variables. Maternal depression could have psychological, anatomical, and physiological consequences in the newborn. Depression has been related to a downregulation in serotonin levels in the brain. Accordingly, the most commonly prescribed pharmacotherapy is based on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which increase local serotonin concentration. Even though the use of SSRIs has few adverse effects compared with other antidepressants, altering serotonin levels has been associated with the advent of anatomical and physiological changes in utero, leading to defects in craniofacial development, including craniosynostosis, cleft palate, and dental defects. Migration and proliferation of neural crest cells, which contribute to the formation of bone, cartilage, palate, teeth, and salivary glands in the craniofacial region, are regulated by serotonin. Specifically, craniofacial progenitor cells are affected by serotonin levels, producing a misbalance between their proliferation and differentiation. Thus, it is possible to hypothesize that craniofacial development will be affected by the changes in serotonin levels, happening during maternal depression or after the use of SSRIs, which cross the placental barrier, increasing the risk of craniofacial defects. In this review, we provide a synthesis of the current research on depression and the use of SSRI during pregnancy, and how this could be related to craniofacial defects using an interdisciplinary perspective integrating psychological, clinical, and developmental biology perspectives. We discuss the mechanisms by which serotonin could influence craniofacial development and stem/progenitor cells, proposing some transcription factors as mediators of serotonin signaling, and craniofacial stem/progenitor cell biology. We finally highlight the importance of non-pharmacological therapies for depression on fertile and pregnant women, and provide an individual analysis of the risk–benefit balance for the use of antidepressants during pregnancy

Gastrointestinal Stem Cells. III. Emergent themes of liver stem cell biology: niche, quiescence, self-renewal, and plasticity

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. G189-G193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil D. Theise
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Stem Cell Niche ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Plasticity ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Cell Niche

This essay will address areas of liver stem/progenitor cell studies in which consensus has emerged and in which controversy still prevails over consensus, but it will also highlight important themes that inevitably should be a focus of liver stem/progenitor cell investigations in coming years. Thus concepts regarding cell plasticity, the existence of a physiological/anatomic stem cell niche, and whether intrahepatic liver stem/progenitor cells comprise true stem cells or progenitor cells (or both) will be approached in some detail.

scholarly journals Differential requirements of androgen receptor in luminal progenitors during prostate regeneration and tumor initiation

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chee Wai Chua ◽  
Nusrat J Epsi ◽  
Eva Y Leung ◽  
Shouhong Xuan ◽  
Ming Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Neuroendocrine Differentiation ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Genetically Engineered Mouse Models ◽  
Pten Deletion ◽  
A Cell

Master regulatory genes of tissue specification play key roles in stem/progenitor cells and are often important in cancer. In the prostate, androgen receptor (AR) is a master regulator essential for development and tumorigenesis, but its specific functions in prostate stem/progenitor cells have not been elucidated. We have investigated AR function in CARNs (CAstration-Resistant Nkx3.1-expressing cells), a luminal stem/progenitor cell that functions in prostate regeneration. Using genetically--engineered mouse models and novel prostate epithelial cell lines, we find that progenitor properties of CARNs are largely unaffected by AR deletion, apart from decreased proliferation in vivo. Furthermore, AR loss suppresses tumor formation after deletion of the Pten tumor suppressor in CARNs; however, combined Pten deletion and activation of oncogenic Kras in AR-deleted CARNs result in tumors with focal neuroendocrine differentiation. Our findings show that AR modulates specific progenitor properties of CARNs, including their ability to serve as a cell of origin for prostate cancer.

scholarly journals Pancreatic Progenitor Cells—Recent Studies

Endocrinology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (9) ◽  
pp. 4312-4316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsun Teresa Ku
Keyword(s):  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Pancreatic Progenitor ◽  
Ductal Cells ◽  
Multipotent Progenitors ◽  
Pancreatic Progenitor Cells ◽  
Genetic Labeling ◽  
Functional Analyses

Past studies of pancreatic progenitor cell biology relied mostly on histological analyses. Recent studies, using genetic labeling and tracing of progenitors, direct single cell analyses, colony assays, and enrichment of the minor population of progenitor cells through the use of cell surface markers, have strongly suggested that pancreatic progenitor cells with various frequency and lineage potentials, including the multipotent progenitors that give rise to endocrine, exocrine, and duct cells, exist in the developing and adult pancreas. In this review, it is therefore proposed that pancreatic progenitor cells may be organized in a hierarchy, in which the most primitive pan-pancreatic multipotent progenitors are at the top and rare, and the monopotent progenitors are at the bottom and abundant. This model may explain why only drastic injuries lead to effective activation of the progenitor cell compartment of the higher hierarchy, whereas under steady state, pregnancy, and milder injuries, recruitment of preexisting mature cells or their immediate monopotent progenitors could be sufficient to restore metabolic homeostasis. It is also proposed that the morphologically defined ductal cells are likely to be functionally heterogeneous and that endocrine progenitor cell activity should be determined based on functional analyses rather than histological locations.

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