Gender-dependent associations between socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in the adult Saudi population

Abstract Background Evidence regarding the association between demographics, socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome is limited. We aim to investigate whether demographics and socioeconomic status are correlated with metabolic syndrome using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey through 2013/2014 to 2015/2016.Methods A total of 4313 selected participants were included in this cross-sectional study. The independent variables were demographics (age, gender,and race/ethnicity) and socioeconomic status (the ratio of family income to poverty). The dependent variable was metabolic syndrome. The covariates included data release cycle, education level, marital status, dietary data, health insurance, average alcoholic drinks, current smoking, sedentary activity hours, physical activity minutes, and body mass index. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between demographics, socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome.Results In fully-adjusted models, we found that age was positively associated with metabolic syndrome (OR:1.05, 95%CI:1.04-1.05); compared with the male group, female was positively associated with metabolic syndrome in participants with body mass index under 25 kg/m 2 (OR:1.84, 95%CI:1.07-3.18) whereas it was negatively associated with metabolic syndrome in those with body mass index equal to or greater than 30 kg/m 2 (OR:0.62, 95%CI:0.48-0.81); compared with Mexican American, non-Hispanic Asian and other race/ethnicity were positively associated with metabolic syndrome in participants with body mass index under 25 kg/m 2 (OR: 7.30, 95%CI: 1.50-35.62 and OR: 6.09, 95%CI: 1.25-29.74, respectively) while non-Hispanic Black was negatively associated with metabolic syndrome in participants with body mass index equal to or greater than 25 kg/m 2 and less than 30 kg/m 2 (OR:0.58, 95%CI:0.36-0.92); there was no significant association between the ratio of family income to poverty and metabolic syndrome.Conclusions Among the population of nationally representative non-pregnant American adults, there is a correlation between demographics and metabolic syndrome whereas no correlation between socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome after multivariates adjustment. Healthcare interventions targeting those with metabolic syndrome including older individuals, obese males, along with females, non-Hispanic Asian and other race/ethnicity with BMI under 25 kg/m 2 are required to address these disparities.

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Socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome in the general population of China: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/1471-2458-12-921 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Yiqiang Zhan ◽

Jinming Yu ◽

Ruoqing Chen ◽

Junling Gao ◽

Rongjing Ding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

General Population ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

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Prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its sex-specific association with socioeconomic status in rural China: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-12074-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xuhua Ying ◽

Shuyue Yang ◽

Songtao Li ◽

Meifang Su ◽

Na Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Rural China ◽

Income Level ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lower Income ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Level Of Education

Abstract Background Few studies have reported the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and examined relationships between socioeconomic status and MS in rural China. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MS and MS components as well as their associations with socioeconomic status among rural Chinese adults. Methods A cross-sectional study of 26,836 participants aged 20 years and older was conducted from June to December 2012 in Yuhuan City, Zhejiang Province, China, which is located on Yuhuan Island. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors for MS and their possible interactions. Results Among 26,836 subjects with an average age of 53.4 ± 14.0 years, 59% were female. The overall prevalence of MS was 20.5%, and there was a significant sex difference in the prevalence (15.1% for males vs. 24.2% for females, P < 0.001). Compared with males, females also showed a significantly higher proportion of most MS components. A significantly higher prevalence of MS was found among subjects who were elderly, had a lower income level, had a lower level of education, or were unemployed. Multiple significant interactions were observed between the prevalence of MS and sex, age or socioeconomic status (P < 0.001). The risk of MS increased significantly with age in females but not in males. Additionally, a lower income level and a lower level of education were significantly related to an increased risk only in females, and unemployed males had a higher risk of MS than unemployed females. Conclusions The prevalence of MS and its components was relatively high in a rural island Chinese population with rapid urbanization, and sex-specific associations between socioeconomic factors and MS were found. Targeted preventive interventions should be developed and implemented to prevent and control MS among those with low socioeconomic status, especially females.

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Sex Differences in The Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Metabolic Syndrome in Rural China: An Updated Cross-Sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-89500/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xuhua Ying ◽

Shuyue Yang ◽

Songtao Li ◽

Meifang Su ◽

Na Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Income Level ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lower Income ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and MS components as well as their association with socioeconomic status among rural Chinese adults.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 26836 participants aged 20 years and older was conducted from June to December 2012 in Yuhuan City, Zhejiang Province, China, which is located on Yuhuan Island. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors for MS and their possible interactions.Results: Among 26836 subjects with an average age of 53.4±14.0 years, 59% were female. The overall prevalence of MS was 20.5%, and there was a significant sex difference in the prevalence (15.1% for males vs. 24.2% for females, p<0.001). Compared with males, females also showed a significantly higher proportion of most MS components. A significantly higher prevalence of MS was found among subjects who were elderly, had a lower income level, had a lower level of education, or were unemployed. Multiple significant interactions were observed between the prevalence of MS and sex, age or socioeconomic status (p<0.001). The risk of MS increased significantly with age in females but not in males. Additionally, a lower income level and a lower level of education were significantly related to an increased risk only in females, and unemployed males had a higher risk of MS than unemployed females.Conclusions: The prevalence of MS and its components was relatively high in a rural island Chinese population with rapid urbanization, and sex-specific associations between socioeconomic factors and MS were found. Targeted preventive interventions should be developed and implemented to prevent and control MS among those with a low socioeconomic status, especially females.

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The Associations Between Socio-economic Status and Metabolic Syndrome Among General Population in Nanjing, China: a Cross-sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-401216/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qing Ye ◽

Chao Li ◽

Tianxin Pan ◽

Zhiyong Wang ◽

Huafeng Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

General Population ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Average Income ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract BackgroundWe aim to investigate the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among general population in Nanjing, China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 among adults aged 18 years or older in Nanjing, China. Participants were selected using multistage sampling approach. Diagnosed MetS was the outcome variable. Education and monthly family average income (FAI) was used to separately indicate SES. Mixed-effects models were used to calculate the association between SES and MetS.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS was 19.7% (95%CI=19.0%, 20.4%) among overall sample population. After controlling for covariates, educational attainment was negatively associated with MetS prevalence in women. As for men, the most well-educated subjects were at the lowest risk (OR=0.72, 95%CI=0.57, 0.92) of having MetS compared to the least educated subjects. Relative to those who from lower FAI sub-group, participants from upper tertile were less likely to have MetS for both genders (OR=0.73, 95%CI=0.617, 0.87; OR=0.85, 95%CI=0.73, 0.99). Among all participants, higher education level predicted lower waist circumference, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose concentration. Higher FAI was associated with lower waist circumference and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in women, and with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men.ConclusionsEducation and family average income each was inversely related to MetS and its components prevalence in Nanjing, China in 2017. It has important public health implications that the tailored prevention strategies should be implemented for people with different socioeconomic status.

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