scholarly journals Gram-Negative Anaerobes in the Intestinal Flora of Pigs

1972 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-237
Author(s):  
Bent Aalbæk
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Gram Negative

Patterns of porphyrin excretion in feces as determined by liquid chromatography; reference values and the effect of flora suppression.

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2164-2170 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Beukeveld ◽  
B G Wolthers ◽  
J J van Saene ◽  
T H de Haan ◽  
L W de Ruyter-Buitenhuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Aerobic Flora ◽  
Healthy Persons

Abstract While determining reference values for porphyrins in feces as measured by liquid chromatography, we observed strong fluctuations in fecal porphyrin contents. To explain these fluctuations, we selectively suppressed the intestinal flora of healthy persons. Suppression of aerobic flora had no effect on fecal porphyrin excretions, whereas suppression of anaerobic flora completely inhibited the transformation of protoporphyrin to pempto- and deuteroporphyrin for as long as five days after stopping medication. During this latter, the conversion to mesoporphyrin was clearly increased in one person and in others partly affected or decreased. During complete suppression of flora for prolonged periods, the production of proto- and coproporphyrins was decreased and deutero-, pempto-, and mesoporphyrins were absent. We conclude that the nature of fecal porphyrins is mostly affected by action of anaerobic bacteria, different kinds of bacteria having different effects. Some, like aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, have little or no effect on porphyrins; some cause production of mesoporphyrin; some promote a conversion to pempto- and deuteroporphyrin; and some mainly cause production of copro- and protoporphyrin. We give examples in which normal to slightly increased excretions of fecal porphyrin do not exclude a diagnosis of porphyria, and relatively high concentrations do not confirm one.

scholarly journals Emergence of Imipenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli in Intestinal Flora of Intensive Care Patients

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 1488-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Armand-Lefèvre ◽  
Cécile Angebault ◽  
François Barbier ◽  
Emilie Hamelet ◽  
Gilles Defrance ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Genomic Comparison ◽  
Icu Patients ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intensive Care Patients ◽  
Imipenem Resistance

ABSTRACTIntestinal flora contains a reservoir of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) resistant to cephalosporins, which are potentially pathogenic for intensive care unit (ICU) patients; this has led to increasing use of carbapenems. The emergence of carbapenem resistance is a major concern for ICUs. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess the intestinal carriage of imipenem-resistant GNB (IR-GNB) in intensive care patients. For 6 months, 523 consecutive ICU patients were screened for rectal IR-GNB colonization upon admission and weekly thereafter. The phenotypes and genotypes of all isolates were determined, and a case control study was performed to identify risk factors for colonization. The IR-GNB colonization rate increased regularly from 5.6% after 1 week to 58.6% after 6 weeks in the ICU. In all, 56 IR-GNB strains were collected from 50 patients: 36Pseudomonas aeruginosastrains, 12Stenotrophomonas maltophiliastrains, 6Enterobacteriaceaestrains, and 2Acinetobacter baumanniistrains. InP. aeruginosa, imipenem resistance was due to chromosomally encoded resistance (32 strains) or carbapenemase production (4 strains). In theEnterobacteriaceaestrains, resistance was due to AmpC cephalosporinase and/or extended-spectrum β-lactamase production with porin loss. Genomic comparison showed that the strains were highly diverse, with 8 exceptions (4 VIM-2 carbapenemase-producingP. aeruginosastrains, 2Klebsiella pneumoniaestrains, and 2S. maltophiliastrains). The main risk factor for IR-GNB colonization was prior imipenem exposure. The odds ratio for colonization was already as high as 5.9 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.5 to 25.7) after 1 to 3 days of exposure and increased to 7.8 (95% CI, 2.4 to 29.8) thereafter. In conclusion, even brief exposure to imipenem is a major risk factor for IR-GNB carriage.

scholarly journals Spiral bacterium associated with gastric, ileal and caecal mucosa of mice

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dulciene M. M. Queiroz ◽  
Christiane Contigli ◽  
Roney S. Coimbra ◽  
Ana Margarida M. F. Nogueira ◽  
Edilberto N. Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Histological Sections ◽  
Urease Test ◽  
Pointed End ◽  
Microaerophilic Conditions ◽  
Spiral Bacterium

A spiral shaped bacterium was seen in smears and histological sections (stained by carbolfuchsin) of gastric, ileal and caecal mucosa as well as in stool smears from mice. A significant correlation between the presence of the spiral bacterium and the occurrence of gastritis was observed but the ileal and caecal mucosa seemed unaffected. The bacterium was Gram negative and grew on BHM and Skirrow's medium, under microaerophilic conditions, at 37°C. Its major biochemical characteristics included positive catalase and oxidase reactions and a rapidly positive urease test. There were 2 or 3 spiral turns per cell and a tuft of up to 12 sheathed flagella on each pointed end. Entwined, braided periplasmic fibrils covered the surface of the cell. This spiral bacterium seemed to be part of the normal intestinal flora but was associated with gastritis.

scholarly journals Carriage of multi drug resistant Gram negative bacilli among the intestinal flora of pets in Lebanon

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2111
Author(s):  
Anas Obeid ◽  
Ahmad Sleiman ◽  
Estelle Akl ◽  
Maria Dib ◽  
Hassan Moussawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative

scholarly journals ComparativeIn VitroActivities of SMT19969, a New Antimicrobial Agent, against Clostridium difficile and 350 Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Aerobic and Anaerobic Intestinal Flora Isolates

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 4872-4876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellie J. C. Goldstein ◽  
Diane M. Citron ◽  
Kerin L. Tyrrell ◽  
C. Vreni Merriam
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Group Species

ABSTRACTThe comparativein vitroactivity of SMT19969, a novel, narrow-spectrum, nonabsorbable agent, was studied against 50 ribotype-definedClostridium difficilestrains, 174 Gram-positive and 136 Gram-negative intestinal anaerobes, and 40 Gram-positive aerobes. SMT19969 was one dilution more active againstC. difficileisolates (MIC range, 0.125 to 0.5 μg/ml; MIC90, 0.25 μg/ml), including ribotype 027 strains, than fidaxomicin (range, 0.06 to 1 μg/ml; MIC90, 0.5 μg/ml) and two to six dilutions lower than either vancomycin or metronidazole. SMT19969 and fidaxomicin were generally less active against Gram-negative anaerobes, especially theBacteroides fragilisgroup species, than vancomycin and metronidazole, suggesting that SMT19969 has a lesser impact on the normal intestinal microbiota that maintain colonization resistance. SMT19969 showed limited activity against other Gram-positive anaerobes, includingBifidobacteriaspecies,Eggerthella lenta,Finegoldia magna, andPeptostreptococcus anaerobius, with MIC90s of >512, >512, 64, and 64 μg/ml, respectively.Clostridiumspecies showed various levels of susceptibility, withC. innocuumbeing susceptible (MIC90, 1 μg/ml) andC. ramosumandC. perfringensbeing nonsusceptible (MIC90, >512 μg/ml). Activity againstLactobacillusspp. (range, 0.06 to >512 μg/ml; MIC90, >512 μg/ml) was comparable to that of fidaxomicin and varied by species and strain. Gram-positive aerobic cocci (Staphylococcus aureus,Enterococcus faecalis,E. faecium, and streptococci) showed high SMT19969 MIC90values (128 to >512 μg/ml).

scholarly journals Soluble CD14 and CD83 from Human Neonatal Antigen-Presenting Cells Are Inducible by Commensal Bacteria and Suppress Allergen-Induced Human Neonatal Th2 Differentiation

2007 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 4097-4104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Carin Lundell ◽  
Kerstin Andersson ◽  
Elisabet Josefsson ◽  
Alexander Steinkasserer ◽  
Anna Rudin
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Staphylococcal Protein A ◽  
Soluble Cd14 ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Th2 Differentiation

ABSTRACT CD14 is expressed on the cell surface of various antigen-presenting cells, and CD83 is a maturation marker for dendritic cells (DC). CD14 and CD83 are also present as soluble proteins, and both have immunoregulatory functions. We examined whether neonatal cord blood monocytes or DC released soluble CD14 (sCD14) or sCD83 when exposed to the commensal intestinal bacteria Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides fragilis. We found that the gram-positive bacteria C. perfringens and S. aureus, but not gram-negative bacteria, induced the release of sCD14 from monocytes. DC, on the other hand, released sCD14 in response to both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the expression of the virulence factor staphylococcal protein A seemed to be important for S. aureus-induced sCD14 production from both monocytes and DC. Soluble CD83 was released from DC, but not from monocytes, when exposed to both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Finally, to investigate whether sCD14 or sCD83 could modulate neonatal allergen-induced T-cell differentiation, DC were exposed to birch allergen alone or in the presence of sCD14 or sCD83 and then cocultured with autologous T cells. We demonstrate that sCD14 and sCD83 inhibited the birch allergen-induced Th2 differentiation by suppressing interleukin 13 production. Together, these results suggest that the commensal intestinal flora may be an important stimulus for the developing immune system by inducing the immunoregulatory proteins sCD14 and sCD83, which may be involved in preventing T-cell sensitization to allergens in infants.

scholarly journals The intestinal flora of colonization-resistant mice

1971 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Wensinck ◽  
J. G. H. Ruseler-van Embden
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms

SUMMARYTo facilitate the isolation of anaerobes from cultures in which swarming organisms were present Roux flasks were adapted to provide anaerobic conditions. Using these flasks, five species of anaerobes were isolated from the caecum of mice resistant to colonization withEscherichia coliand other Gram-negative organisms. These species accounted for the majority of organisms seen in films of caecal material. No aerobes were isolated and the flora of these mice apparently consisted of a limited number of anaerobes representing part of the intestinal flora of conventional mice. Three of the species were clostridia and another was identified asPropionibacterium acnes. One species resembledCatenabacteriumbut was not identified. One of theClostridiumspecies could only be isolated when the medium was supplemented with yeast extract and vitamins. This species sporulated on media with ammonium phosphate as the source of nitrogen; tryptone completely suppressed sporulation.

scholarly journals THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS

1961 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell W. Schaedler ◽  
Rene J. Dubos
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Bacterial Endotoxins ◽  
Transient Loss

Albino mice (Rockefeller NCS strain) raised and maintained free of ordinary bacterial pathogens, as well as of intestinal Escherichia coli and of Proteus bacilli, were found to be highly resistant to the lethal effect of bacterial endotoxins. When newborn mice of this NCS colony were nursed by foster mothers from another colony raised under ordinary conditions (SS colony from which the NCS colony was derived), they acquired the intestinal flora of the latter animals and became susceptible to the lethal effects of endotoxins. NCS adult mice could be rendered susceptible to the lethal effect of endotoxins by vaccination with heat killed Gram-negative bacilli. The susceptibility thus induced exhibited a certain degree of specificity for the bacterial strain used in vaccination. Although untreated NCS mice were resistant to the lethal effect of endotoxins, they proved exquisitively susceptible to the infection-enhancing effect of these materials. For example, 1 µg. or less of endotoxin was found sufficient to help establish a rapidly fatal septicemia with Staphylococcus aureus. Small amounts of endotoxin (1 µg. or less), administered alone, caused a marked but transient loss of weight. Vaccination with heat-killed Gram-negative bacilli or with killed BCG increased the resistance of NCS mice to the infection-enhancing effect of small amounts of endotoxin. This protective effect exhibited a certain degree of specificity for the bacterial strain from which the toxin used in the infection-enhancing test was derived. These various findings can be explained by assuming that the pathological effects of endotoxins involve at least two unrelated mechanisms; (a) a primary toxicity illustrated in this study by the loss of weight and enhancement of infection resulting from the injection of small doses of toxin; (b) an immunological reaction with lethal consequences which became manifest only in animals sensitized to the endotoxin by prior exposure to Gram-negative bacilli.

The Intestinal Flora at Kasai Procedure in Children with Biliary Atresia Appears Not to Affect Postoperative Cholangitis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid Madadi-Sanjani ◽  
Nagoud Schukfeh ◽  
Marie Uecker ◽  
Stefanie Eckmann ◽  
Jens Dingemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Oral Antibiotic ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Kasai Procedure ◽  
Inflammatory Parameters ◽  
Intravenous Antibiotics

Abstract Introduction Evidence supports long-term oral antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent cholangitis after Kasai procedure. Data regarding perioperative intravenous prophylaxis are lacking. Ascending pathogens from the intestine are made responsible for recurrent cholangitis. Therefore, we analyzed the flora in the upper jejunum during the Kasai procedure and their potential impact on postoperative cholangitis. Materials and Methods In 26 patients, swabs were taken at the bowel prepared for the Roux-en-Y-loop. Our postoperative protocol includes intravenous third-generation cephalosporins for 2 weeks and rectal steroids starting at day 4. Cholangitis was defined as the postoperative reappearance of acholic stools or increase of serum bilirubin in combination with fevers or increase of inflammatory parameters. In this scenario, Tazocin was administered for another 2 weeks. Results Swabs remained sterile in nine patients (34.6%). In 17 patients (65.4%), gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens were identified; all belonging to physiological intestinal flora. A total of 96.2% pathogens were covered by the antibiotic prophylaxis. The cholangitis incidence was 55.6% in the sterile cohort, and 23.5% in the gram-positive and gram-negative cohort (p = 0.06). In the cholangitis cohort, no significant differences were detected for the age at Kasai and the pre- and postoperative total bilirubin. Conclusion We found that our antibiotic regiment covered bacteria in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract in the majority of our patients at the time of Kasai. Nonetheless, a significant proportion of patients developed signs of cholangitis. There was no higher rate of cholangitis in patients with resistant bacteria. Thus, our data do not support the hypothesis of extended postoperative intravenous antibiotics to prevent ascending cholangitis.

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