scholarly journals Measuring the effect of gender segregation on the gender gap in time-related underemployment

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Acosta-Ballesteros ◽  
María del Pilar Osorno-del Rosal ◽  
Olga María Rodríguez-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Gender Typing ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis paper focuses on the impact that gender segregation in the labour market exerts on the underemployment gender gap for young adult workers in Spain. In order to analyse the relative importance of segregation in this gap, we develop a methodology based on two counterfactual simulations that provides a detailed decomposition of the gap into endowments and coefficients effects as well as the interaction of these effects. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to perform a decomposition using bivariate probit models with sample selection. Using annual samples of the Spanish Labour Force Survey 2006–2016, the results show that working in female-dominated occupations or industries hinders working as many hours as desired, especially for women. Furthermore, we conclude that the gender gap in underemployment is mainly due to the different distribution of male and female workers across occupations and industries. Additionally, the different impact by gender that working in the same gender-typing jobs exerts on the risk of underemployment contributes to widening the gap.

scholarly journals Determinants of Personal Earnings in Pakistan: Findings from the Labour Force Survey 1993-94

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafar Mueen Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Wage Determination ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Relevant Variables

The paper explores the role of human and non-human capital factors in determining the earnings of workers in Pakistan. The Labour Force Survey data 1993-94, which provides detailed information about workers, has been used for this analysis. Ordinary least squares estimation technique has been utilised for the analysis. The analysis is carried out separately for male and female workers. It is found that in human capital variables, education plays a dominant role in wage determination. In non-human capital factors, occupation and size of the establishments are found to be relevant variables. Other important variables include regional location and technical training. The sample selection bias has been observed for female workers whereas no problem has been observed for male workers, and the bias has been corrected by using the Heckman procedure, though both corrected and uncorrected results are reported. Important conclusions and policy implications are discussed at the end.

scholarly journals Covid-19 and The Gender Gap in Employment Among Parents of Young Children in Canada

2021 ◽  
pp. 089124322110012
Author(s):  
Sylvia Fuller ◽  
Yue Qian
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Class Inequality ◽  
Employment Barriers ◽  
Employment Gap ◽  
Structural Shifts

Economic and social disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic have important implications for gender and class inequality. Drawing on Statistics Canada’s monthly Labour Force Survey, we document trends in gender gaps in employment and work hours over the pandemic (February–October 2020). Our findings highlight the importance of care provisions for gender equity, with gaps larger among parents than people without children, and most pronounced when care and employment were more difficult to reconcile. When employment barriers eased, so did the gender–employment gap. The pandemic could not undo longer-standing cultural and structural shifts motivating contemporary mothers’ employment. The pandemic also exacerbated educational inequalities among women, highlighting the importance of assessing gendered impacts through an intersectional lens.

scholarly journals The Living Wage: An Economic Geography Based Explanation for a Policy for Equality

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo J. Morelli ◽  
Paul T. Seaman
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Living Wage ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
The Public ◽  
Household Inequality ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Wage Demand ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Pay

This article examines the theoretical underpinning of living wage campaigns. The article uses evidence, derived from the UK Quarterly Labour Force Survey from 2005 to 2008, to examine the extent to which a living wage will address low pay within the labour force. We highlight the greater incidence of low pay within the private sector and then focus upon the public sector where the living wage demand has had most impact. The article builds upon the results from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey with analysis of the British Household Panel Survey in 2007 in order to examine the impact that the introduction of a living wage, within the public sector, would have in reducing household inequality.

scholarly journals VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND EDUCATION IN NORTH-EAST INDIA: ACCESS AND LABOUR MARKET OUTCOMES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupam Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Vocational Education And Training ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

India’s north-east region, comprising of eight States is one of the less industrialised and economically backward areas of the country. Lack of skilled manpower has been identified as one of the major reasons for the underdevelopment of the manufacturing sector. Recently, the government of India has embarked on an ambitious target of improving the skill base of the country through expansion of the vocational education and training (VET) programmes. In this context, the paper examines the access to VET among the working-age population and the impact on employment and earnings using the Annual Report of the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2017-18. The paper argues that despite the recent initiatives on massive skilling of the country's youth a very little section of NE has accessed formal VET. Moreover, although it has some impact on raising labour force participation, there is no evidence that formal VET courses are effective enough to increase earnings, bridge the gender gap in wages, or the improving work conditions of the VET holders.

scholarly journals Statistical Disclosure Control Methods for Microdata from the Labour Force Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (348) ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Michał Pietrzak
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Statistical Disclosure Control ◽  
Disclosure Control ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Statistical Disclosure ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this article is to analyse the possibility of applying selected perturbative masking methods of Statistical Disclosure Control to microdata, i.e. unit‑level data from the Labour Force Survey. In the first step, the author assessed to what extent the confidentiality of information was protected in the original dataset. In the second step, after applying selected methods implemented in the sdcMicro package in the R programme, the impact of those methods on the disclosure risk, the loss of information and the quality of estimation of population quantities was assessed. The conclusion highlights some problematic aspects of the use of Statistical Disclosure Control methods which were observed during the conducted analysis.

scholarly journals COVID-19, Global Value Chains, and the Impact on Gender: Evidence from the Garment and Electronics Sectors in Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keir MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Grey Literature ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
The Impact

This report analyses the impact of COVID-19 on women in the global garment and electronics value chains, with a focus on women working in production in Asia. Building on a previous K4D assessment of COVID-19 and its implications for global value chains (Quak, 2020), this report addresses the need to understand how COVID-19 specifically impacts women in global value chains. The report seeks to answer the question “how have male and female workers been affected differently by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly regarding employment and the ability to work differently?”. The review presented is based on existing evidence of the gendered impacts of COVID-19 on the garment and electronics value chains in Asia and draws on both academic and grey literature. At the time of research (March 2021), the evidence was relatively sparse, frequently relying on initial surveys completed early on in the pandemic. In addition, data disaggregated by gender is rare. Where these data are not available, our approach is to synthesise what we know about the impact of COVID-19 with what we know about the nature of gender in the garment and electronics sectors and to conclude the likely impacts of COVID-19 on gender.

scholarly journals Gen Z, Gender, and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1019-1027
Author(s):  
Melissa Deckman ◽  
Jared McDonald ◽  
Stella Rouse ◽  
Mileah Kromer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Personal Health ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
The Impact

AbstractUsing a national survey of Generation Z conducted in late May 2020, we measure attitudes about the impact of the coronavirus on personal health, financial and job concerns, views about shelter-in-place laws, and 2020 voting intentions. Gen Z women express greater health and economic concerns and support for shelter-in-place measures than their male counterparts, but this gender gap is largely mitigated by party and other covariates. Party also mediates the differences between young male and female voters concerning the influence of the coronavirus on their vote choice in 2020. Notably, women have significantly greater concern about the impact of COVID-19 on their personal financial situation, while Gen Z men express more concern about their personal health amid COVID-19 in more fully specified statistical models. This research contributes to the growing literature that examines not only the sorting effect of party on the gender gap but also how different identities—in this case, generation—can help explain the persistent political divides between men and women.

scholarly journals VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND EDUCATION IN NORTH-EAST INDIA: ACCESS AND LABOUR MARKET OUTCOMES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupam Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Vocational Education And Training ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

India’s north-east region, comprising of eight States is one of the less industrialised and economically backward areas of the country. Lack of skilled manpower has been identified as one of the major reasons for the underdevelopment of the manufacturing sector. Recently, the government of India has embarked on an ambitious target of improving the skill base of the country through expansion of the vocational education and training (VET) programmes. In this context, the paper examines the access to VET among the working-age population and the impact on employment and earnings using the Annual Report of the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2017-18. The paper argues that despite the recent initiatives on massive skilling of the country's youth a very little section of NE has accessed formal VET. Moreover, although it has some impact on raising labour force participation, there is no evidence that formal VET courses are effective enough to increase earnings, bridge the gender gap in wages, or the improving work conditions of the VET holders.

scholarly journals Influence of gender on SME performance in emerging economies

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herring Shava ◽  
Ellen C. Rungani
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Business Outcomes ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Value Add ◽  
The Impact

Research purpose: The aim of this article was to establish whether or not performance between male-owned and female-owned small and medium-sized entities (SMEs) differs significantly and to assess the extent to which the gender gap in SME performance (if any) could be allocated to gender differences in levels of business-related experience.Motivation for the study: The influence of gender on SME performance is well documented from an international perspective. However, what lacks in extant literature is the understanding of whether the performance gap between male and female entity owners with similar business-related experience exists or not. This study investigated gender influence through data collected from both male and female entity owners.Research design, approach and method: The study was descriptive by design. Primary data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Data analysis was undertaken through t-test and chi-square analysis.Main findings: The findings confirm that male- and female-owned SMEs perform at similar levels, given that such owners possess high business-related experience. Therefore, gender gap in firm performance does not exist among male and female entrepreneurs who fall either in low or high business-related experience categories.Contribution/value-add: The value of this research lies in the findings contrary to extant literature; that gender plays no role in the performance of SMEs. However, the level of business-related experience the owner holds, regardless of gender, influences the entity’s performance.Conclusion: Contrary to evidence provided in literature, the study concludes that focusing on the impact of gender on entrepreneurship with the aim of comparing business outcomes of male- and female-owned entities, while ignoring the role of key variables such as business-related experience, may yield misleading results.

Capital Outflow Controls and Income Distribution in Malaysia

2008 ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Jarita Duasa
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Method Of Moment ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Capital Outflow ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Moment Methods ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Impact

The study seeks to analyze the impact of capital outflow controls, imposed by Malaysian government on September 1998, on income distribution. Regression analysis using OLS (Ordinary Least Square), 2SLS (Two Stages Least Square) and GMM (Generalised Method of Moment) methods of estimation reveals that the capital outflow controls reduce inequality of income distribution in the country. The controls are believed to result in improvement of export-led industries, through devaluation from controls policy. It is also found at the same time that Manufacturing suffers more income inequality between male and female workers than do other sectors of the economy.

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