scholarly journals Determinants of Personal Earnings in Pakistan: Findings from the Labour Force Survey 1993-94

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafar Mueen Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Wage Determination ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Relevant Variables

The paper explores the role of human and non-human capital factors in determining the earnings of workers in Pakistan. The Labour Force Survey data 1993-94, which provides detailed information about workers, has been used for this analysis. Ordinary least squares estimation technique has been utilised for the analysis. The analysis is carried out separately for male and female workers. It is found that in human capital variables, education plays a dominant role in wage determination. In non-human capital factors, occupation and size of the establishments are found to be relevant variables. Other important variables include regional location and technical training. The sample selection bias has been observed for female workers whereas no problem has been observed for male workers, and the bias has been corrected by using the Heckman procedure, though both corrected and uncorrected results are reported. Important conclusions and policy implications are discussed at the end.

scholarly journals Measuring the effect of gender segregation on the gender gap in time-related underemployment

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Acosta-Ballesteros ◽  
María del Pilar Osorno-del Rosal ◽  
Olga María Rodríguez-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Gender Typing ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis paper focuses on the impact that gender segregation in the labour market exerts on the underemployment gender gap for young adult workers in Spain. In order to analyse the relative importance of segregation in this gap, we develop a methodology based on two counterfactual simulations that provides a detailed decomposition of the gap into endowments and coefficients effects as well as the interaction of these effects. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to perform a decomposition using bivariate probit models with sample selection. Using annual samples of the Spanish Labour Force Survey 2006–2016, the results show that working in female-dominated occupations or industries hinders working as many hours as desired, especially for women. Furthermore, we conclude that the gender gap in underemployment is mainly due to the different distribution of male and female workers across occupations and industries. Additionally, the different impact by gender that working in the same gender-typing jobs exerts on the risk of underemployment contributes to widening the gap.

scholarly journals Province-wise Growth Patterns in Human Capital Accumulation

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (4II) ◽  
pp. 873-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sabir ◽  
Zehra Aftab
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Level Data

It is apparent from various labour force surveys that during the past 20 years Pakistan’s employed labour force has become more “educated”. For instance, according to the Labour Force Survey 1982-83, 28 percent of the employed labour force had attained formal education.12 In comparison, the literate employed labour force in 1999- 2000 is estimated at 46 percent, while the formally educated is 43 percent. However, the pattern of growth in educated labour force is not uniform in all four provinces of the country. A closer look at disaggregated provincial level data reflects the disparity in employed labour force in the four provinces: Punjab, Sind, NWFP, and Baluchistan.

scholarly journals Employers Size Wage Differential: Does Investment in Human Capital Matter?

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (4II) ◽  
pp. 509-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafar Mueen Nasir ◽  
Nasir Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
The Government ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Wage differential due to employer size is one of the key areas of interest in labour market research because a strong positive relationship between employer size and wages has been observed in developed and developing countries. It is, however, relatively neglected area of research in Pakistan. The purpose of present study is to investigate the employer size wage differential by looking at human capital factors. The study is based on standard methodology and estimates earning functions on Labour Force Survey (LFS) data for year 2007-08. Results clearly show that human capital investment has a bigger role in determining wages in the larger firms as compared to smaller firms. The main policy implications emanating from the analysis are the higher investment in skill which increases opportunities for workers in the labour market for higher wages and for jobs with good characteristics especially in large sized firms. The government policy towards education and skill formation needs serious reforms and better allocation of funds so that people get chance to enhance their skill level hence wages. JEL classification: J31, J40, J24 Keywords: Wage Differential, Human Capital, Labour Market

scholarly journals Human capital and its influence on the e-readiness of the company: an empirical case

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-107
Author(s):  
Martha Ríos-Manríquez
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Objective of the study: This article has two objectives, first to analyze how is the degree of e-Readiness on micro, small and medium enterprises (eRLMSMEs) of the state of Guanajuato, in Mexico, influenced by the technological preparation of human capital, ICT accessibility, the empowerment granted to human capital, the size and sector. The second objective is to analyze, by size and sector, which are the most relevant variables considered by the owners or managers in their e-Readiness (ER).Methodology/approach: With a sample of 182 MSMEs, a quantitative, descriptive, correlational, discriminant and linear regression analysis was performed, using the Ordinary Least Squares Method (OLS).Originality/Relevance: The study is relevant because it addresses the influence of human capital empowerment, e-Readiness and access to ICTs by companies in the ER of MSMEs, deepening the analysis by sector, industry, trade and services, and by size of micro, small and medium enterprises.Main results: It was determined that all the independent variables are relevant to explain eRLMSMEs. By size, the Human Capital e-Readiness, ICT Accessibility, and Human Capital Empowerment variables are significant only for small enterprises, whereas ER of human capital substantially influences industries, commercial and service companies.Theoretical/methodological contributions: This research goes deeper into the variables that influence the degree of e-Readiness on MSMEs in Mexico, considering the influence of the size and sector in their technological preparation.Social/management contributions: The ICT are considered a necessary technological innovation for the development of MSMEs, as well as the other variables dealt with in this research, which promote changes in the context of the adoption of technological innovation.

scholarly journals Public Investments, Human Capital, and Political Stability: The Triptych of Economic Success

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Ioannis Kostakis
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Public Investments ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
The Impact

This study assesses the effects of fiscal policy on economic growth in a sample of 96 countries from 1990 to 2010. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Extreme Bound Analysis are mainly estimated in order to investigate whether public investments, human capital, and political stability affect growth controlling for initial output and human capital levels. Furthermore, in this empirical research four subsets of independent variables were used: (a) demographic factors, (b) political determinants, (c) region variables, and (d) variables regarding macroeconomic policy. Empirical results suggest that there is an important difference in the impact of public and private sector investments on the growth of per capita income. Moreover, political indicators such as corruption control, rule of law, and government effectiveness have a high impact on economic growth. Demographic factors, including fertility rate and mortality growth, as well as several macroeconomic variables, like inflation rate index and government consumption, were estimated to be statistically significant factors of economic performance. Fiscal volatility may also be a new possible channel of macroeconomic instability that leads to lower growth. Policy implications of the findings are discussed in detail.

scholarly journals The Return to a University Education in Great Britain

2005 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 75-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel C. O'Leary ◽  
Peter J. Sloane
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
University Education ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Considerable Heterogeneity ◽  
Important Policy ◽  
Broad Subject ◽  
Using Data

In this paper, we estimate the rate of return to first degrees, Masters degrees and PhDs in Britain using data from the Labour Force Survey. We estimate returns to broad subject groups and more narrowly defined disciplines, distinguishing returns by gender and controlling for variations in student quality across disciplines. The results reveal considerable heterogeneity in returns to particular degree programmes and by gender, which have important policy implications for charging students for the costs of their education.

The effects of health on the wages of Australian workers: gender differences and the impacts of macroeconomic conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixin Cai
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Sample Selection Bias ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions ◽  
Female Workers

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the effects of health on wages of Australian workers, with a focus on gender differences and the role of macroeconomic conditions in the effects.Design/methodology/approachThe first 15 waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey are used to estimate a wage model that accounts for the endogeneity of health, unobserved heterogeneity and sample selection bias.FindingsThe results show that, after accounting for the endogeneity of health, unobserved heterogeneity and sample selection bias, better health increases wages for Australian male workers, but not for female workers. The results also show that accounting for the endogeneity of health, unobserved heterogeneity and potential sample selection bias is important in estimating the effects of health on wages. In particular, a simple ordinary least squares estimator would underestimate the effect of health on wages for males, while overestimate it for females, and simply addressing the endogeneity of health using instrumental variables could overestimate the effect for both genders. It is also found that the effects of health on wages fall under depressed macroeconomic conditions, perhaps due to reduced job mobility and increased presentism during a recession.Originality/valueThis study adds to the international literature on the effects of health on wages by providing empirical evidence from Australia. The model applied to estimate the effects takes advantage of a panel dataset to address the bias resulting potentially from all the sources of the endogeneity of health, unobserved heterogeneity and sample selection. The results indeed show that failing to address these issues would substantially bias the estimated effects of health on wages.

scholarly journals Self-employment as a stepping stone to better labor market matching: a comparison between immigrants and natives

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-501
Author(s):  
Magdalena Ulceluse
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Barriers To Employment ◽  
Labor Market Matching ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe paper investigates the relation between overeducation and self-employment, in a comparative analysis between immigrants and natives. Using the EU Labour Force Survey for the year 2012 and controlling for a list of demographic characteristics and general characteristics of 30 destination countries, it finds that the likelihood of being overeducated decreases for self-employed immigrants, with inconclusive results for self-employed natives. The results shed light on the extent to which immigrants adjust to labor market imperfections and barriers to employment and might help explain the higher incidence of self-employment that immigrants exhibit, when compared to natives. This is the first study to systematically study the nexus between overeducation and self-employment in a comparative framework. Moreover, the paper tests the robustness of the results by employing two different measures of overeducation, contributing to the literature of the measurement of overeducation.

scholarly journals Covid-19 and The Gender Gap in Employment Among Parents of Young Children in Canada

2021 ◽  
pp. 089124322110012
Author(s):  
Sylvia Fuller ◽  
Yue Qian
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Class Inequality ◽  
Employment Barriers ◽  
Employment Gap ◽  
Structural Shifts

Economic and social disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic have important implications for gender and class inequality. Drawing on Statistics Canada’s monthly Labour Force Survey, we document trends in gender gaps in employment and work hours over the pandemic (February–October 2020). Our findings highlight the importance of care provisions for gender equity, with gaps larger among parents than people without children, and most pronounced when care and employment were more difficult to reconcile. When employment barriers eased, so did the gender–employment gap. The pandemic could not undo longer-standing cultural and structural shifts motivating contemporary mothers’ employment. The pandemic also exacerbated educational inequalities among women, highlighting the importance of assessing gendered impacts through an intersectional lens.

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