Carriage rate of Neisseria meningitidis, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors among primary school children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia

Abstract Background: Globally, in 2012, 1.2 million estimated cases were reported with ~135,000 deaths annually. In Ethiopia, specifically in our study area, limited information is found on the oropharyngeal carriage, antimicrobial resistance pattern, and associated risk factors for N. meningitidis among school children. So, the aim of this study was to assess oropharyngeal carriage rate of N. meningitidis, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and determinants among primary school children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from January to April, 2019 in Gondar town. Multi stage simple random sampling technique was used. A total of 524 oropharyngeal swabs were collected using sterile plastic cotton swabs. Modified Thayer Martin media was used for primary isolation. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was done based on Kirby-Bauer method on Muller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood. Multidrug resistance was defined as resistance of an isolate to two or more antimicrobial classes tested. Logistic regression model was used to see the association between dependent variables (Carriage rate of Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis and Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns) and independent variables (Socio-demographic data and risk factors). Variables with a P- value ≤ 0.2 during bivariable analysis was taken to multivariable analysis to check significant association of meningococcal carriage with risk factors. Finally, a P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Data was summarized using numbers, percentages and tables. Results: A total of 53(10.1%) (CI: 7.6-12.8) N. meningitidis isolates were identified. Serogroup A 13 (24.5%) was the most prevalent followed by Y/W135 11(20.7%) whereas serogroup B 4(7.6%) was the least identified serotype. Meningococcal isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (45.3%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (73.6%). Overall, most of meningococcal isolates showed about 32(60.4%) multidrug resistance. Meningococcal carriage rate was significantly associated with family size, tonsillectomy, passive smoking, number of students per class, sharing utensils, history of visiting healthcare institutions, and indoor kitchen. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for reinforcement of case-based, laboratory confirmed surveillance of N. meningitidis carriage in Ethiopian elementary school students to enable mapping of distribution of serotypes of the causative organisms across the country and determine the current potential necessity of vaccination.

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Carriage Rate of Neisseria meningitidis, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Associated Risk Factors among Primary School Children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.2.11842/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Zelalem Tefera ◽

Feleke Mekonnen ◽

Moges Tiruneh ◽

Teshome Belachew

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Primary School ◽

School Children ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Carriage Rate ◽

Gondar Town ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background Invasive meningococcal disease has 70–80% mortality. Globally, 1.2 million estimated cases were reported with ~135,000 deaths annually. In African meningitis belt bacterial meningitis remains a serious threat to health accounting an estimated 500,000 cases of invasive meningococcal disease annually.In Ethiopia, specifically in our study area, limited information is found on the oropharyngeal carriage, antimicrobial resistance pattern and associated risk factors for N. meningitidis especially in school children. So, the aim of this study was to assess oropharyngeal carriage rate of N. meningitidis, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors among primary school children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A cross sectional prospective study was conducted from January-April, 2019 among primary school children. Multi stage simple random sampling technique was used. A total of 524 oropharyngeal swabs were collected using sterile plastic cotton swabs. Modified Thayer Martin media was used for primary inoculation. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was done on Muller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood. Logistic regression model was used to see the association between dependent and independent variables. P ≤0.05 at 95% CI was considered as statistically significant. Results A total of 53(10.1%) (CI: 7.6-12.8) N. meningitidis isolates were identified. Serogroup A 13 (24.5%) was the most prevalent followed by Y/W135 11(20.7%) whereas serogroup B 4(7.6%) was the least identified. Meningococcal isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (45.3%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (73.6%). Overall, most of meningococcal isolates showed high level of multidrug resistance with the rate of 32(60.4%). Meningococcal carriage rate was associated with family size, tonsillectomy, passive smoking, number of students per class, sharing utensils, history of visiting healthcare institutions and indoor kitchen. Conclusion Neisseria meningitidis prevalence in the present study was high. Serogroup A and W135/Y was the most prevalent isolate. High multidrug resistance pattern was observed.

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Carriage Rate of Neisseria meningitidis, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Associated Risk Factors among Primary School Children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.2.11842/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zelalem Tefera ◽

Feleke Mekonnen ◽

Moges Tiruneh ◽

Teshome Belachew

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Neisseria Meningitidis ◽

School Children ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Primary School Children ◽

P Value ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Carriage Rate ◽

Gondar Town ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background: Globally, in 2012, about 1.2 million estimated cases were reported with ~135,000 deaths annually. In Ethiopia, specifically in our study area, limited information is found on the oropharyngeal carriage, antimicrobial resistance pattern, and associated risk factors for N. meningitidis among school children. So, the aim of this study was to assess oropharyngeal carriage rate of N. meningitidis, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors among primary school children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from January to April, 2019 in Gondar town. Multi stage simple random sampling technique was used. A total of 524 oropharyngeal swabs were collected using sterile plastic cotton swabs. Modified Thayer Martin media was used for primary isolation. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was done based on Kirby-Bauer method on Muller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood. Multidrug resistance was defined as resistance of an isolate to two or more antimicrobial classes tested. Logistic regression model was used to see the association between dependent variables (Carriage rate of Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis and Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns) and independent variables (Socio-demographic data and risk factors). Variables with a P- value ≤ 0.2 during bivariable analysis was taken to multivariable analysis to check significant association of meningococcal carriage with risk factors. Finally, a P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Data was summarized using numbers, percentages and tables.Results: A total of 53(10.1%) (CI: 7.6-12.8) N. meningitidis isolates were identified. Serogroup A 13 (24.5%) was the most prevalent followed by Y/W135 11(20.7%) whereas serogroup B 4(7.6%) was the least identified serotype. Meningococcal isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (45.3%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (73.6%). Overall, most of meningococcal isolates showed about 32(60.4%) multidrug resistance. Meningococcal carriage rate was significantly associated with family size, tonsillectomy, passive smoking, number of students per class, sharing utensils, history of visiting healthcare institutions, and indoor kitchen. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for reinforcement of case-based, laboratory confirmed surveillance of N. meningitidis carriage in Ethiopian elementary school students to enable mapping of distribution of serotypes of the causative organisms across the country and determine the current potential necessity of vaccination.

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Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among primary school children and prisoners in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia

Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials ◽

10.1186/1476-0711-12-11 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Tekalign Kejela ◽

Ketema Bacha

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Primary School ◽

School Children ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Southwest Ethiopia ◽

Jimma Town

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The magnitude of Schistosoma mansoni and its associated risk factors among Sebatamit primary school children, rural Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

BMC Research Notes ◽

10.1186/s13104-019-4498-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lemma Workineh ◽

Mulat Yimer ◽

Woyneshet Gelaye ◽

Desalegn Muleta

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Schistosoma Mansoni ◽

School Children ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Bahir Dar ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Associated Risk Factors

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Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Associated Risk Factors among School Children in Jiga Town, Northwest-Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Parasitology Research ◽

10.1155/2020/6903912 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Ketemaw Wubet ◽

Destaw Damtie

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Primary School ◽

Schistosoma Mansoni ◽

School Children ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Background. Schistosomiasis, one of the 20 Neglected Tropical Diseases, is a human disease which is caused by infection with Schistosoma spp. In Ethiopia, the intestinal form of schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosoma mansoni) is widely distributed. This study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of S. mansoni and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in Jiga town and its surrounding rural “Kebeles”, Northwest Ethiopia (Kebele = the smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia). Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out among children from three schools in Jiga town and its surrounding rural “Kebeles”. The schools were selected mainly according to their proximity to water bodies that were likely to have been used by the children. A total of 362 randomly selected children were screened for S. mansoni infection. Samples of stool were collected from each pupil and examined by the concentration and microscopic techniques. Semistructured interview questionnaires were administered to the study subjects to identify the possible risk factors of infection with S. mansoni. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20 software. Results. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni was 15.2%. A higher proportion of S. mansoni infection (30.3%) was observed at Chifarit primary school children followed by Tikur Wuha primary school children (17.3%) and Jiga 01 primary school children (10.2%). The habit of contact with river water (AOR, 4.86; 95% CI, 0.991-23.8; P=0.051) and the irregular wearing of shoes (AOR, 6.06; 95% CI, 2.61-14.13; P=0.001) were risk factors for S. mansoni infection. Conclusion. S. mansoni infection remains a public health problem in the study area. Snail control, mass deworming, and health promotion are recommended.

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Human Intestinal Parasites: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Grade School Children in Maksegnit, Northwest Ethiopia

Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/6694809 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Kefale Shiferaw ◽

Teklemichael Tesfay ◽

Girmay Kalayu ◽

Gebrehiwot Kiros

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

School Children ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Single Infection ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Grade School ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

Associated Risk Factors

This study was aimed to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections in grade school children in Maksegnit, Northwest Ethiopia. Five species of intestinal parasites were identified with an overall prevalence of 155 (40.4%). Among these, Ascaris lumbricoides 122 (31.8%) and Entamoeba histolytica 18 (4.7%) were predominant. Of the total 155 (40.4%) positive individuals, 149 (39%) had a single infection and the rest 6 (1.6%) had double parasitic infections. Of the different variables assessed, age, gender, shoe wearing, and eating raw or undercooked vegetables were not significantly associated with the prevalence of intestinal parasites ( P > 0.05 ). However, a statistically significant association ( P < 0.05 ) was observed between infected children and variables including defecation habit (AOR = 0.216), cleanliness of fingernails (AOR = 0.146), drinking river water (AOR = 0.124), and hand washing habit after defecation (AOR = 0.236) ( P < 0.05 ). Regular deworming, education on personal hygiene, and environmental sanitation to both students and their parents shall be implemented to reduce the prevalence rate of intestinal parasitic infections in the study area.

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Toxocara infection: seroprevalence and associated risk factors among primary school children in central China

Parasite ◽

10.1051/parasite/2020028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 30 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shuai Wang ◽

Haoran Li ◽

Zhijun Yao ◽

Pengju Li ◽

Dong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Primary School ◽

School Children ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Henan Province ◽

Hand Washing ◽

Central China ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease that poses a threat to public health worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the seroprevalence of Toxocara infection among primary school children in Henan province, central China, which was previously unknown. Sera from 2451 primary school children were collected from September 2015 to October 2018, and evaluated for anti-Toxocara antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The overall seroprevalence of Toxocara infection was 5.14% (126/2451). The main risk factors related to Toxocara infection identified in this study were the age of children, residence area of children, contact with cats or dogs, and exposure to soil. Hand washing before eating was considered to be a protective factor. These findings demonstrate that Toxocara infection is relatively common among primary school children in Henan province.

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