scholarly journals In-vitro and in-vivo comparisons of high versus low concentrations of inhaled epoprostenol to adult intubated patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Ashley E. Augustynovich ◽  
Payal K. Gurnani ◽  
James B. Fink
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Invasive Ventilation ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Clinical Scenarios

Abstract Background Inhaled epoprostenol (iEPO) has been shown to reduce pulmonary artery pressure and improve oxygenation. iEPO is mainly delivered via a syringe pump with feed tubing connected to a vibrating mesh nebulizer with high or low formulation concentration delivery. Methods An in vitro study and a two-period retrospective case–control study were implemented. The in vitro study compared iEPO delivery via invasive ventilation at low concentrations of 7.5, and 15 mcg/mL and high concentration at 30 mcg/mL, to deliver the ordered dose of 30 and 50 ng/kg/min for three clinical scenarios with predicted body weight of 50, 70 and 90 kg. While in the clinical study, adult patients receiving iEPO via invasive ventilation to treat refractory hypoxemia, pulmonary hypertension, or right ventricular failure were included. 80 patients received low concentration iEPO at multiple concentrations (2.5, 7.5, and 15 mcg/mL, depending on the ordered dose) from 2015 to 2017, while 84 patients received high concentration iEPO at 30 mcg/mL from 2018 to 2019. Results In the in vitro study, there were no significant differences in aerosol deposition between high vs low concentrations of iEPO at a dose of 50 ng/kg/min. In the clinical study, age, gender, ethnicity, and indications for iEPO were similar between high and low concentration groups. After 30–120 min of iEPO administration, both delivery strategies significantly improved oxygenation in hypoxemic patients and reduced mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) for patients with pulmonary hypertension. However, no significant differences of the incremental changes were found between two delivery groups. Compared to low concentration, high concentration delivery group had better adherence to the iEPO weaning protocol (96% vs 71%, p < 0.001), fewer iEPO syringes utilized per patient (5 [3, 10] vs 12 [6, 22], p = 0.001), and shorter duration of invasive ventilation (6 [3, 12] vs 9 [5, 18] days, p = 0.028). Intensive care unit length of stay and mortality were similar between two groups. Conclusion Compared to low concentration delivery of iEPO, high concentration iEPO via a vibrating mesh nebulizer maintained clinical benefits and increased clinician compliance with an iEPO weaning protocol, required less medication preparation time, and shortened duration of invasive ventilation.

scholarly journals Er:YAG laser-induced damage to a dental composite in simulated clinical scenarios for inadvertent irradiation: an in vitro study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Kuhn ◽  
Carmen U. Schmid ◽  
Ralph G. Luthardt ◽  
Heike Rudolph ◽  
Rolf Diebolder
Keyword(s):  
Laser Irradiation ◽  
Laser Fluence ◽  
Ablation Threshold ◽  
Er:Yag Laser ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Crater Diameter ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
Laser Induced Damage

AbstractInadvertent Er:YAG laser irradiation occurs in dentistry and may harm restorative materials in teeth. The aim of this in vitro study was to quantify Er:YAG laser-induced damage to a nanohybrid composite in simulated clinical scenarios for inadvertent direct and indirect (reflection) laser irradiation. The simulation was performed by varying the output energy (OE;direct˃indirect) reaching the specimen and the operating distance (OD;direct˂indirect). Composite specimens were irradiated by an Er:YAG laser. The ablation threshold was determined and clinically relevant parameters were applied (n = 6 for each OE/OD combination) for direct (OE: 570 mJ/OD: 10 mm, OE: 190 mJ/OD: 10 mm) and indirect irradiation (OE: 466 mJ/OD: 15 mm, OE: 57 mJ/OD: 15 mm, OE: 155 mJ/OD: 15 mm, OE: 19 mJ/OD: 15 mm). The extent of damage in the form of craters was evaluated using a laser scanning microscope (LSM) and a conventional light microscope (LM). The ablation threshold was determined to be 2.6 J/cm2. The crater diameter showed the highest value (LM: 1075 ± 18 µm/LSM: 1082 ± 17 µm) for indirect irradiation (reflectant:dental mirror) (OE: 466 mJ/OD: 15 mm). The crater depth showed the highest and comparable value for direct (OE: 570 mJ/OD: 10 mm; LSM: 89 ± 2 µm) and indirect irradiation (OE: 466 mJ/OD: 15 mm; LSM: 90 ± 4 µm). For each OD, the crater diameter, depth, and volume increased with higher laser fluence. However, the OD—and thus the laser spot diameter—also had an enlarging effect. Thus, indirect irradiation (reflectant:dental mirror) with only 47% of the laser fluence of direct irradiation led to a larger diameter and a comparable depth. The three-dimensional extent of the crater was large enough to cause roughening, which may lead to plaque accumulation and encourage caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis under clinical conditions. Clinicians should be aware that reflected irradiation can still create such craters.

Low concentrations of glyphosate alone affect the pubertal male rat meiotic step: An in vitro study

2022 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 105291
Author(s):  
Blondet Antonine ◽  
Martin Guillaume ◽  
Durand Philippe ◽  
Perrard Marie-Hélène
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Low Concentrations

scholarly journals Migration of fluoride ions from the permanent teeth into saliva in children with glass ionomer cement restorations: An in vitro study

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-283
Author(s):  
Mirjana Apostolovic ◽  
Biljana Kalicanin ◽  
Marija Igic ◽  
Olivera Trickovic-Janjic ◽  
Dusan Surdilovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Fluorine Content ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Glass Ionomer ◽  
Fluoride Solution ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Significant Difference

Bacground/Aim. Glass ionomer cements (GIC) belong to the group of polycarboxyl cements, and one of the principal characteristics of these materials is their anticariogenic potential of fluorine release into saliva and enamel-dentin substance. The aim of this study was to examine the content of released fluorine from GIC restorations (Fuji IX, GC, Japan) of young permanent teeth in the medium of artificial saliva and similar releases in the same medium by the restorations of these teeth treated with a low concentration fluoride solution. Methods. We examined 12 premolars exctracted from orthodontic reasons. The GIC restored teeth were divided into the group treated daily with low concentration fluoride solution (334 ppm) and the control, not treated group. The samples of artificial saliva were analyzed for fluorine ion content using an ion selective electrode. Results. Our comparative analysis of the mean values using the Student?s t-test demonstrated a statistically significant difference in fluorine ion concentration in artificial saliva of fluoridated and non-fluoridated teeth with GIC fillings after 14 and 21 days (p < 0.05), while the difference detected after 7 days was with no statistical significance. Conclusion. The results of this in vitro study indicated that low-concentration fluoride solutions could serve to refluoridate GIC fillings and contribute to an increased fluorine content in saliva. The process of refluoridation of GIC fillings should be advised 2-3 weeks after the restoration, since the release of fluorine from GIC fillings diminishes in time.

scholarly journals Exposure of human cartilage tissue to low concentrations of blood for a short period of time leads to prolonged cartilage damage: An in vitro study

2006 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie W. D. Jansen ◽  
Goris Roosendaal ◽  
Johannes W. J. Bijlsma ◽  
Jeroen DeGroot ◽  
Floris P. J. G. Lafeber
Keyword(s):  
Cartilage Damage ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Human Cartilage ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Short Period

Evaluation of the effect of a heat-killed lactic acid bacterium, Enterococcus faecalis 2001, on oral candidiasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-669
Author(s):  
T. Yamazaki ◽  
R. Ushikoshi-Nakayama ◽  
K. Shirone ◽  
M. Suzuki ◽  
S. Abe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Oral Candida

The effect of a preparation of heat-killed Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria Enterococcus faecalis 2001 (EF-2001) on oral candidiasis was evaluated by two studies. An in vitro study was performed to assess the inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of Candida strains isolated from a patient with oral candidiasis, and a clinical study was done in patients with oral candidiasis. In the in vitro study, EF-2001 inhibited mycelial growth of IT-1, a Candida strain isolated from a patient with oral candidiasis, at concentrations ≥2.34×109 cells/ml. An open clinical study was performed in 13 patients with oral candidiasis. The subjects took a powder containing 7.5×1011 heat-killed EF-2001 once a day before bedtime for seven consecutive days. In 11 of the 12 patients available for analysis (92%), the oral Candida load (cfu/swab) showed a significant decrease (P=0.01079, d=-0.437). There was a 55% decrease of Candida albicans and a 93.8% decrease of Candida glabrata. The following symptoms showed significant improvement: tinnitus (P=0.048, d=-0.462), cold feeling (P=0.048, d=-0.463), and depression (P=0.019, d=-0.34). In addition, 4 out of 26 oral symptoms tended to improve. These results suggest that EF-2001 significantly decreased the oral Candida load in patients with oral candidiasis by inhibiting mycelial growth and that EF-2001 is an effective treatment for oral candidiasis.

scholarly journals Influence of scaler tip design on root surface roughness, tooth substance loss and patients’ pain perception: an in vitro and a randomised clinical trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Ayman Abdul Hayei ◽  
Noor Azlin Yahya ◽  
Syarida Hasnur Safii ◽  
Roslan Saub ◽  
Rathna Devi Vaithilingam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Group A ◽  
Substance Loss ◽  
Group B

Abstract Background The influence of scaler tip design on root surface roughness, tooth substance loss and patients’ pain perception is investigated. Methods This article was divided into the following parts: Part 1 Surface roughness and substance loss: an in vitro study, which involves intact extracted teeth sectioned and treated using a piezoelectric ultrasonic device (PM200 EMS Piezon, Switzerland) with a conventional scaler tip (FS-407) and a Perio Slim (PS) scaler tip (Perio Slim DS-016A). All sectioned samples for tooth surface roughness (n = 20) and tooth substance loss (n = 46) analyses were measured and compared using a 3D surface texture analyser and scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively, at baseline and following scaling. Part 2 Pain Perception: a clinical study, which was a split mouth study design including 30 participants with gingivitis and/or mild chronic periodontitis; treated with supra-gingival scaling from teeth #13 to #23. Subjects were randomised to group A or group B. Group A was treated first with PS scaler tips, whereas group B was treated first with conventional scaler tips. Pain perception was recorded using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Results In vitro study: both scaler tips caused significant reduction in root substance roughness after scaling (p < 0.05), but no significant difference between the two scaler tips (p > 0.05) was observed. The PS scaler tip caused statistically significantly less root substance loss (p < 0.05) when the initial thickness of the tooth was < 1000 µm. Clinical study: the participants reported significantly lesser pain score during scaling using the PS scaler tip (median: 3) than when using the conventional scaler tip (median: 5) (p < 0.05). Conclusions In the in vitro study, using a slim scaler tip design causes less tooth substance loss compared to a wider scaler tip design. In the clinical study, less pain was observed compared than a wide (conventional) scaler tip design.

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