scholarly journals From malaria elimination to post‐elimination: a 10-year surveillance data study in Shanghai

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simin Dai ◽  
Min Zhu ◽  
Huanyu Wu ◽  
Yaoguang Zhang ◽  
Zhenyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Management System ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Anopheles Sinensis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Information Reporting ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Facility Staff ◽  
Local Transmission ◽  
Median Interval

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to investigate and analyse the characteristics of malaria in Shanghai from 2010 to 2019 and to provide suggestions for areas with a similar elimination process in China in order to prompt development of strategies and interventions in the post-elimination stage. Methods This was a cross-sectional study exploring the malaria characteristics during 2010–2019 in Shanghai, China. Malaria data from the Infectious Diseases Information Reporting Management System (IDIRMS) between 2010 and 2012 and data from the Parasitic Diseases Information Reporting Management System (PDIRMS) between 2013 and 2019 were combined for analysis in this study. Results From 2010 to 2019, a total of 436 malaria cases were reported in Shanghai. Among them, 415 (95.18%) were imported from abroad, 19 (4.36%) were domestically acquired from other provinces, 1 (0.23%) case was caused by blood transfusion, and 1 (0.23%) had a long incubation. Only Plasmodium vivax was found in domestically indigenous cases; Plasmodium falciparum accounted for the largest proportion of imported cases. Domestically acquired cases were only reported in 2010–2011 and 88% occurred in June to September; no significant seasonal difference was observed for imported cases over the 10 years. No local transmission has occurred in Shanghai since 2012. The median interval from fever onset to diagnosis was 3 days. Between 2010 and 2019, among 308 foci, 33 were classified as potential transmission and dispersed in suburb areas (Minhang, Baoshan, Jiading, Pudong, Jinshan, Songjiang, Qingpu, Fengxian, and Chongming). Only Anopheles sinensis was present and the proportion of Anopheles sinensis in different species of mosquitoes under surveillance in Shanghai decreased from 2011 to 2019. Conclusions Shanghai faces the challenge of malaria re-establishment caused by imported malaria in the post-elimination stage. Therefore, risk investigation and assessment should be carried out, and receptivity and susceptibility should be assessed for every point of focus. Training should be continued to strengthen facility staff capability, and multisectoral coordination and cooperation need to be conducted efficiently to maintain malaria elimination in Shanghai.

scholarly journals Incubation period of COVID-19: analysis of COVID-19 cases admitted in a tertiary care center, northern district of Kerala, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2451
Author(s):  
Anitha Subhadra Saraswathy ◽  
Rameela Sanya ◽  
Jayasree Anandabhavan Kumaran
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tertiary Care Center ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Northern District ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Local Transmission ◽  
Gender Type

Background: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) started as pneumonia of unknown cause detected first in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and spread as a pandemic affecting more than 200 countries worldwide. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, breathing difficulty and tiredness. The median incubation period is about 5 days as per current understanding. The present study was done to estimate the median incubation period of COVID-19 cases admitted in a tertiary care center in north Kerala.Methods: This cross-sectional study included COVID-19 cases admitted in a tertiary care center during three months study period.Results: The median incubation period of COVID-19 was estimated to be 4 days (interquartile range 7). It was also found that females, those persons with comorbidities and those who got infected by local transmission had a longer mean incubation period compared to males, those without comorbidities and imported cases, respectively.Conclusions: The median incubation period of COVID 19 was estimated to be 4 days. Factors like presence of comorbidities, gender, type of transmission were found to affect incubation period, but further studies are needed to have a thorough understanding.

scholarly journals G6PD deficiency among malaria-infected national groups at the western part of Myanmar with implications for primaquine use in malaria elimination

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay Thwe Han ◽  
Zay Yar Han ◽  
Kyin Hla Aye ◽  
Khin Thet Wai ◽  
Aung Thi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
G6pd Deficiency ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Radical Cure ◽  
Readiness Assessment ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd) plays a central role in readiness assessment for malaria elimination in Myanmar by 2030 that includes primaquine (PQ) use. The risk of hemolysis in G6PDd individuals hampers the widespread use of primaquine safely in malaria-infected patients. In the pre-elimination era, it is important to screen initially for asymptomatic malaria in combination with G6PD deficiency by applying more sensitive diagnostic tools. Therefore, this study examined the proportion of G6PDd and the distribution of G6PD genotypes among malaria-infected national groups in Myanmar before initiation of malaria elimination strategies. Methods A cross-sectional study in one township each with high malaria burden from two states in the western part of Myanmar, was conducted during 2016-2018, and 320 participants (164 Rakhine and 156 Chin National groups) were recruited. We used RDT and ultrasensitive polymerase chain reaction (us PCR) method to confirm malaria infection, and a G6PD RDT(CareStart) to detect G6PDd and PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method to confirm the variant of G6PDd for genotyping. G6PD enzyme activity was measured by G6PD Biosensor (CareStart). Results Malaria positivity rates detected by RDT were lower than those detected by us PCR in the combined samples [13% (42/320) vs. 21% (67/320)] as well as in the Rakhine samples [17% (28/164) vs. 25% (41/164)] and in Chin samples [9% (14/156) vs. 17% (26/156)]. G6PD deficiency rates were approximately 10% in both the combined samples and specific national groups. For G6PD enzyme activity in the combined samples, G6PDd (defined as < 30% of adjusted male median) was 10% (31/320) and severe G6PDd (< 10% of AMM) was 3% (9/320). Among malaria-infected patients with positive by both RDT and usPCR, G6PDd was less than 20% in each national group. G6PD genotyping showed that the G6PD Mahidol (G487A) was the major variant. Conclusions The varying degree of G6PDd detected among malaria-infected national groups by advanced diagnostic tools, strongly support the recommend G6PD testing by the National Malaria Control Program and the subsequent safe treatment of P. vivax by primaquine for radical cure. Establishing a field monitoring system to achieve timely malaria elimination is mandatory to observe the safety of patients after PQ treatment.

scholarly journals Prevalence, characteristics and risk factors of imported and local malaria cases in North-Western Province, Zambia: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen N. Chipoya ◽  
Nzooma M. Shimaponda-Mataa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Imported Malaria ◽  
Full Blood Count ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Western Province ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
North Western

Abstract Background Imported malaria is a major challenge for countries that are in malaria elimination stage such as Zambia. Legitimate cross-border activities add to the risk of transmission, necessitating determination of prevalence, characteristics and risk factors of imported and local malaria. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in 103 consented child and adult patients with clinical malaria symptoms, from selected health facilities in north-western Zambia. Patient demographic data and blood samples for malaria microscopy and full blood count were obtained. Chi-square and penalized logistic regression were performed to describe the characteristics and assess the risk factors of imported and local malaria in North-Western Province. Results Overall, malaria prevalence was 78.6% with 93.8% Plasmodium falciparum and 6.2% other species. The local cases were 72 (88.9%) while the imported were 9 (11.1%) out of the 81 positive participants. About 98.6% of the local cases were P. falciparum compared to 55.6% (χ2 = 52.4; p < 0.01) P. falciparum among the imported cases. Among the imported cases, 44% were species other than P. falciparum (χ2 = 48; p < 0.01) while among the local cases only 1.4% were. Gametocytes were present in 44% of the imported malaria cases and only in 2.8% of the local cases (χ2 = 48; p < 0.01). About 48.6% of local participants had severe anaemia compared to 33.3% of participants from the two neighbouring countries who had (χ2 = 4.9; p = 0.03). In the final model, only country of residence related positively to presence of species other than P. falciparum (OR = 39.0, CI [5.9, 445.9]; p < 0.01) and presence of gametocytes (OR = 23.1, CI [4.2, 161.6]; p < 0.01). Conclusion Malaria prevalence in North-Western Province is high, with P. falciparum as the predominant species although importation of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae is happening as well. Country of residence of patients is a major risk factor for malaria species and gametocyte presence. The need for enhanced malaria control with specific focus on border controls to detect and treat, for specific diagnosis and treatment according to species obtaining, for further research in the role of species and gametocytaemia in imported malaria, cannot be overemphasized.

scholarly journals Role of employee training and experience on the adaption of computerized maintenance management system

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-16
Author(s):  
E.A.C.P. Karunarathne ◽  
A.S.M.A.R. Abeyratne
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
Maintenance Management ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Perceived Ease Of Use ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
User Training ◽  
Computerized Maintenance Management System

The study attempted to examine the user training and experience on user acceptance of a computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) in a continuously progressing industry where maintenance management is extremely vital for the smooth functioning. A cross-sectional study design was used in this research. The study population comprised of users of CMMS. The analysis was mainly carried out using structured equation modeling techniques. The results reveal that perceived usefulness was the most significant determinant of adoption of a complex system than all the other variables, underscoring the importance of incorporating the appropriate functional capabilities in new systems. The findings affirm that a system will be adopted if it is regarded as useful, irrespective of attitude, provided that the use of the system is perceived to offer direct benefits to the user. All the relationships existing between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitude towards using, and behavioral intention were tested and found to be significant and positive. Further analysis revealed that experience helps in ease of use but not in usefulness while training impacts on both usefulness and ease of use. Based on the analysis results recommendations were made to track the value of user training and experience accordingly.

scholarly journals Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Situation and Predicting the Distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti as Vectors of Leishmaniasis in Ardabil Province, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
Ali Khamesipour ◽  
Soheila Molaei ◽  
Navid Babaei-Pouya ◽  
Eslam Moradi-Asl
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Suitable Habitats ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniosis ◽  
Local Transmission

Cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL) is the most common form of leishmaniasis.CL caused by L. major and L. tropica is endemic in 17 provinces of Iran. This study was carried out to elucidate situation of CL in Ardabil province and to predict distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus sergenti (Diptera: Psychodidae) as vectors of CL in the region. In this cross-sectional study, data on CL patients were collected from local health centers of Ardabil province, Iran during 2006-2018 to establish a geodatabase using ArcGIS10.3. A total of 20 CL cases were selected randomly and skin samples were collected and analyzed by PCR method. MaxEnt 3.3.3 model was used to determine ecologically suitable niches for the main vectors. A total, 309 CL human cases were reported and the highest incidence rate of disease was occurred in Bilasavar (37/100,000) and Germi (35/100,000). A total of 2,794 sand flies were collected during May to October 2018. The environmentally suitable habitats for P. papatasi and P. sergenti were predicted to be present in northern and central areas of Ardabil province. The most variable that contributed ratio in the modeling were Isothermality and slope factors. Ardabil province is possibly an endemic are for CL. The presence of P. papatasi and P. sergenti justifies local transmission while the vectors of CL are existing in the northern and central areas of the province.

scholarly journals Situation of Asymptomatic Malaria among Iranian Native and Af-ghan and Pakistani Immigrants in a Malarious Area under the Na-tional Malaria Elimination Program of Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Setareh ASKARI ◽  
Mehdi NATEGHPOUR ◽  
Afsaneh MOTEVALLI HAGHI ◽  
Leila FARIVAR ◽  
Ahmad RAEISI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microscopical Method ◽  
Pakistani Immigrants ◽  
Pcr Techniques

Background: This study was designed to detect, if there are asymptomatic malaria infections amongst native and immigrant population from Afghanistan and Pakistan countries in Sistan & Baluchistan Province of Iran, where is under the national malaria elimination program. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed among native individuals and resident immigrants in the southeastern province of Sistan & Baluchistan from May 2016 to Jul 2017. A total of 271 individuals were considered in this cross- sectional study based on microscopical method, Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) and PCR techniques. Out of 271 native and immigrant participants 140 (52%) and 131 (48%) were male and female, respectively. Results: None of the prepared samples was diagnosed as malaria positive case when was considered via above mentioned three techniques. Conclusion: Neither native nor immigrant individuals had asymptomatic malaria, hinting that national malaria elimination program is performed according to planned schedule in the studied areas

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