scholarly journals Adherence to the low carbohydrate diet and the risk of breast Cancer in Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahareh Sasanfar ◽  
Fatemeh Toorang ◽  
Ahmad Esmaillzadeh ◽  
Kazem Zendehdel
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Background Previous studies on the link between macronutrients and breast cancer have mostly focused on individual macronutrients rather than their combination. This study investigates the association between adherence to a low carbohydrate diet and odds of breast cancer among women. Methods This hospital-based case-control study was carried out on 412 women with pathologically confirmed breast cancer within the past year and 456 apparently healthy controls that were matched in terms of age and residential place. Dietary data was collected using a 168-item validated FFQ. Participants were classified in terms of quintiles of percentages of energy intake from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Then, individuals in the highest quintile of fat and protein intake were given a score of 5 and those in the lowest quintile of these macronutrients were given a score of 1. Participants in the other quintiles of these macronutrients were given the corresponding score. In terms of carbohydrate intake, those in the highest quintile received a score of 1 and those in the lowest quintile received 5. The scores were then summed up to calculate the total low carbohydrate diet (LCD) score, which varied from 3 to 15. A higher score meant greater adherence to a low carbohydrate diet. Results The mean age of study participants was 45.2 y and mean BMI was 28.4 kg/m2. Mean LCD score of participants was 8.9 ± 2.5 (8.9 ± 2.6 in cases and 9.0 ± 2.5 in controls). Although no significant association was observed between adherence to the LCD score and odds of breast cancer in the study population, a trend toward significant positive association was seen between consumption of LCD and odds of breast cancer in postmenopausal women; after controlling for several potential confounders, individuals in the third quartile of LCD score were 1.94 times more likely to have breast cancer than those in the lowest quartile (95% CI: 1.00, 3.76). This association strengthened after controlling for dietary variables (2.50; 1.18–5.32). Even after further adjustment for BMI, this association remained significant (2.64, 1.23–5.67). No significant relationship was observed in premenopausal women, either before or after controlling for confounders. Conclusion Adherence to LCD may be associated with increased odds of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Abstract P072: Low-Carbohydrate-Diets and Cardiovascular and Total Mortality in Japanese. A 29-year Follow-up of NIPPON DATA80

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuyuki Nakamura ◽  
Nagako Okuda ◽  
Tomonori Okamura ◽  
Aya Kadota ◽  
Naoko Miyagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cox Model ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Study Participants

Background: Long-term safety of low-carbohydrate-diets in Asian populations, whose carbohydrate intake is relatively high, is not known. Methods: We examined the association of low-carbohydrate-diets with CVD and total mortality using the National Integrated Project for Prospective Observation of Noncommunicable Disease and Its Trends in the Aged, (NIPPON DATA80) database with a 29-year follow-up. At the baseline in 1980, data were collected on study participants ages≥30 years from randomly selected areas in Japan. We calculated low-carbohydrate-diet scores based on the percentage of energy as carbohydrate, fat, and protein, estimated by 3-day weighed food records. We followed 9,200 participants (56% women, mean age 51 y). Results: During the follow-up, there were 1,171 CVD deaths (52% in women), and 3,443 total deaths (48% in women). The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for CVD mortality using the Cox model comparing highest versus lowest deciles for a low-carbohydrate-diet score was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38-0.92, trend P=0.019) for women; 0.74 (95% CI: 0.55-0.99, trend P=0.033) for women and men combined; HR for total mortality was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.57-0.93, trend P=0.020) for women; 0.84 (95% CI: 0.72-0.99, trend P=0.030) for women and men combined. None of the associations in men alone were statistically significant. We did not note any differential effects between animal and plant based low-carbohydrate-diets. Conclusions: Moderate diets lower in carbohydrate and higher in protein and fat were significantly inversely associated with CVD and total mortality in women, and women and men combined.

Abstract P167: The Long-term Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Appetite Hormones: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Hu ◽  
Kristi Reynolds ◽  
Lu Yao ◽  
Calynn Bunol ◽  
Yanxi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
P Value ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Total Ghrelin ◽  
Study Participants

The long-term effects of low-carbohydrate diets on hormones related to appetite are unclear. We recruited a total of 148 study participants with a body mass index of 30 - 45 kg/m2 (Mean: 35.4 kg/m2) who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and kidney disease. The participants were randomly assigned to either a low-carbohydrate diet (<40 g/day; N=75) or a low fat (<30% energy from fat, <10% from saturated fat; N=73) diet. Two 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted at each clinic visit (0, 3, 6 and 12 months of the intervention). Participants met with a study dietitian weekly for the first month followed by group settings bi-weekly for 5 months then monthly for the subsequent 6 months. Each group was provided the same behavioral curriculum related to diet emphasizing portion control and eating habits. Total ghrelin and peptide YY were determined using radioimmunoassay methods. Of the study participants, 60 in the low-fat group (81.1%) and 59 in the low-carbohydrate group (79.7%) completed the entire intervention. The mean age was 46.8 years, 88.5% were women and 55.1% were African-Americans. The low-carbohydrate group lost approximately 3.5 kg more body weight than did the low-fat group (P value: 0.002) over the course of the intervention. Both diets decreased total peptide YY and ghrelin. Compared to low-fat diets, the low-carbohydrate diet resulted in a significantly greater decrease in total peptide YY at 6 (Net change: -6.8 ph/mL; P value: 0.04) and 12 months (Net change: -10.6 ph/mL; P value: 0.02). The changes in total ghrelin were not significantly different throughout the study. Our findings suggest that the low-carbohydrate diet did not result in a greater loss of appetite, compared to the low-fat diet.

Abstract P165: The Long-term Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Endothelial Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Hu ◽  
Kristi Reynolds ◽  
Lu Yao ◽  
Calynn Bunol ◽  
Yanxi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Study Participants

The long-term effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance are unclear. A total of 148 study participants with a body mass index of 30 - 45 kg/m2 (Mean: 35.4 kg/m2) who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and kidney disease were recruited. The participants were randomly assigned to either a low-carbohydrate diet (<40 g/day; N=75) or a low fat (<30% energy from fat, <10% from saturated fat; N=73) diet. Two 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted at each clinic visit (0, 3, 6 and 12 months of intervention). Participants met with a study dietitian weekly for the first month followed by group settings bi-weekly for 5 months and monthly for the last 6 months. Each group was provided the same behavioral curriculum related to diet emphasizing portion control and eating habits. Biomarkers for endothelial function and insulin resistance included E-selectin, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), Insulin-like growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), serum insulin, and glucose. Mixed-effect regression models including group, time and their interaction were used to analyze the data. Of the study participants, 60 in the low-fat group (81.1%) and 59 in the low-carbohydrate group (79.7%) completed the entire intervention. The mean age was 46.8 years, 88.5% were women and 55.1% were African-Americans. The low-carbohydrate group lost approximately 3.5 kg more body weight than did the low-fat group (P= 0.002) on average. Compared to the low-fat diet, the low-carbohydrate diet resulted in greater reductions in E-selectin (net change: -4.5, -4.3, and -3.8 ng/mL at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively; overall P= 0.002) and ICAM-1 (net change: -7.3, -10.4, and -16.8 ng/mL at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively; overall P= 0.06). There was no significant change in any other markers. Our findings suggest that the low-carbohydrate is at least as effective as the low-fat diet at improving endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.

Urinary Equol is Associated with Bioavailable Testosterone but not Total Testosterone in Women

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-li Dong ◽  
Feng Xiong ◽  
Qing-wei Zhong ◽  
Yi-hong Li ◽  
Meng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bioavailable Testosterone

Little is known about the association between equol and bioavailable testosterone (BT) in adults. We examined the associations of urinary equol concentrations with serum total, bioavailable and free testosterone (FT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfide (DHEAS), free androgen index (FAI) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. This cross-sectional study included 1904 women aged 59.7 years. Urinary equol and serum sex hormone concentrations were measured. Overall, urinary equol tended to be inversely associated with bioactive forms of androgenic indices (BT, FT or FAI) but not with total testosterone (TT) or DHEAS. Urinary equol was also positively associated with SHBG. In multi-covariate-adjusted analyses stratified by menopausal status, graded and inverse associations between urinary equol and bioactive forms of androgenic indices (BT, FT and FAI) were observed in postmenopausal women (all p-trends &lt;0.05), but not in premenopausal women. A significant positive association between urinary equol and SHBG was observed only in postmenopausal women. No significant associations were observed between urinary equol and TT or DHEAS in either group. A path analysis indicated that these associations of equol with androgens in postmenopausal women might be mediated by SHBG. Our findings indicated urinary equol exhibited graded and inverse associations with BT or FT but not TT in women.

scholarly journals Implementation of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet Improves the Quality of Life of Cancer Patients – An Online Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Tulipan ◽  
Barbara Kofler
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Study Participants

Background: The ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet, has gained in popularity in recent years, which is reflected by an increasing number of scientific articles, books, websites, and other publications related to low carbohydrate (LC) diets and KDs. Numerous preclinical studies in different animal models of cancer have examined the effect of KDs on cancer growth, but no large randomized controlled studies or prospective cohort studies are available for human cancer patients. Evidence supporting the use of KDs as an adjunct to traditional cancer therapy has come predominantly from anecdotes and case reports. The first KD clinical trials in patients with glioblastoma revealed good acceptance and a possible anti-tumor effect. Metabolic therapy options such as the KD are not yet part of the standard of care in cancer patients. However, many cancer patients have begun implementing a KD or LC diet on their own. The aim of the present study was to gather information, via an online questionnaire, about how cancer patients go about implementing a KD or LC diet, what resources they rely on, whether they perceive benefits from the diet on quality of life (QoL), and what factors influence feasibility and adherence to the diet.Method: Recruitment of participants was carried out via social media platforms, forums and cooperating physicians (April 2018 through November 2018). To be eligible for the study, participants had to be diagnosed with cancer and on a KD or LC diet at the time of participating in the study or been on a KD or LC diet during cancer treatment. Study participants were asked to fill out an online questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into four parts and contained a total of 64 questions. The questions were focused on the current health status of the participant, type of cancer, time since diagnosis, and treatment regimen. In addition, questions addressed social support, extent of professional counseling, food preferences and QoL.Results: A total of 96 participants (77 F, 17 M) submitted the questionnaire, of which 94 were included in the final data analysis. Ages ranged between 24 and 79 years (mean 50.1 ± 12.1 years). In 73.4% of the participants, the tumor had not formed metastases at the time of initial diagnosis. Twenty-four (26%) participants had a PET-positive tumor, 8 (9%) a PET-negative tumor, and the remainder (66.0%) did not report a PET scan. Eighty seven percent had undergone surgery in the course of their cancer treatment. The most frequent tumor type was breast cancer, followed by cervical cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and melanoma. Fifty nine percent of the study participants stated that they followed a KD during cancer therapy, 21% followed a low carbohydrate/high fat (LCHF) diet and 12% followed a low glycemic index (LOGI) diet. Sixty nine percent reported an improvement of QoL because of the diet. Almost half of the study participants sourced their initial information on KDs and LC diets from the internet. We found a significant correlation between weight loss upon implementation of a KD and the extent of overweight (p &lt; 0.001). Weight loss in already lean participants was not reported. Overall, 67% of the participants found long-term adherence to the diet to be “easy” and 10.6% described it as being “very easy.” Participants who like fatty foods tended to perceive the diet as being easier to follow (p = 0.063).Conclusion: The KD or LC diet improved self-reported QoL in more than two-thirds of study participants. The KD had a normalizing effect on body weight. The majority of the participants rated the diet as easy or very easy to follow long term. There was an obvious gap between patients' desire for professional dietary counseling and what is currently offered by health care providers. In the future, efforts should be made to invest in nutrition experts who are trained in the KD to support cancer patients with implementation of a KD.

Abstract P306: Effect of A Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia A Bazzano ◽  
Kristi Reynolds ◽  
Tian Hu ◽  
Lu Yao ◽  
Calynn Bunol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Study Participants

There are few studies examining the effects of a diet low in carbohydrates on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in the long term, particularly in contrast to the current dietary recommendations for decreased fat intake to reduce risk of CVD. We recruited 148 study participants with a body mass index (BMI) of 30–45 kg/m2, who were free of diabetes, CVD and kidney disease at baseline and randomly assigned them (74 in each group) to either a low carbohydrate diet (<40 g/day) or a low fat (<30% energy from fat, <10% from saturated fat) diet. Participants met with a study dietitian weekly for the first month then in group settings bi-weekly for 5 months then monthly for the next 6 months. Each group was provided the same behavioral curriculum related to diet emphasizing portion control and eating habits. Two 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted at each clinic visit (0, 3, 6 and 12 months of intervention). The primary outcome measures were weight, body composition, lipids, blood pressure, and glucose. Mean age of participants was 46.8 years, mean BMI was 35.4 kg/m2; 11.5% were men, and 51% were African-American. Of the study participants, 60 in the low fat group (81.1%) and 59 in the low carbohydrate group (79.7%) completed the entire intervention. At 12 months, mean total energy intake on the low carbohydrate diet was 1,448 kcal/day with 23.6% from protein, 40.7% from fats, and 34.0% from carbohydrate versus 1,527 kcal/day with 18.6% from protein, 29.8% from fats, and 50.0% from carbohydrate on the low fat diet. Compared to low fat diets, over 12 months the low carbohydrate group had greater reductions in weight (net change −3.62 kg, p<0.001), fat mass (−2.83 kg, p<0.0001), waist circumference (−1.79 cm, p=0.03), triglycerides (−12.83 mg/dL, p=0.05), and a greater increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, 6.74 mg/dL, p<0.001). There were no differences in net changes between diets for total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose, creatinine, or lean body mass. Our findings document that a low carbohydrate diet was more effective for weight loss than a low fat diet, and did not have significant adverse effects on cardiovascular risk factors. In contrast, the low carbohydrate diet improved HDL-C and triglycerides as compared to a low fat diet. Restricting carbohydrates is an effective method of weight loss and could be recommended for persons with and without increased CVD risk factors who need to lose weight.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document