scholarly journals Changes in the role of explanatory factors for socioeconomic inequalities in physical performance: a comparative study of three birth cohorts

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia S. Klokgieters ◽  
Almar A. L. Kok ◽  
Marjolein Visser ◽  
Marjolein I. Broese van Groenou ◽  
Martijn Huisman
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Explanatory Factors

Abstract Background Due to societal changes and changes in the availability of health promoting factors, explanatory factors of socioeconomic inequalities in health (SIH) may change with time. We investigate differences in the relative importance of behavioural, social and psychological factors for explaining inequalities in physical performance between three birth cohorts. Methods Data came from N = 988, N = 1002, and N = 1023 adults aged 55–64 years, collected in 1992, 2002 and 2012 as part of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Physical performance was measured by three performance tests. We included lifestyle factors (physical activity, smoking, alcohol use and Body Mass Index (BMI)); social factors (network size, network complexity, divorce, social support); and psychological factors (mastery, self-efficacy and neuroticism). In multi-group mediation models, we tested whether the strength of indirect effects from socioeconomic position (SEP) via the explanatory factors to health differed between birth cohorts. Stronger indirect effects indicate an increase in the importance; weaker indirect effects indicate a decrease in importance. Results Absolute SIH were present and similar across cohorts. The strength of indirect effects of SEP on physical performance through smoking, binge alcohol use, emotional support and mastery increased across cohorts. The indirect effects of BMI, network size, self-efficacy and neuroticism were similar across cohorts. Conclusions Inequalities in smoking, binge alcohol use, emotional support and mastery may have become more important for explaining SIH in recent cohorts of middle-aged adults. Policies that aim to reduce socioeconomic inequalities may need to adapt their targets of intervention to changing mechanisms in order to reduce SIH.

scholarly journals Unmarried Older People: Are They Socially Better Off Today?

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1463-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo G van Tilburg ◽  
Bianca Suanet
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Never Married ◽  
Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam ◽  
Aging Study ◽  
Longitudinal Aging Study

Abstract Objectives Previous studies have shown that unmarried older adults are generally at disadvantage in personal networks and social well-being compared with the married. It can be questioned whether their situation has improved in contemporary society, as among others the stigma of divorce and being never-married has declined. We hypothesize differential developments in networks and well-being according to marital status (married, widowed, divorced, and never-married) across birth cohorts. Method Data are from the 1993 and 2013 observations of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam on Dutch people aged 55–69 (N = 2,894) and 70–84 years (N = 2,317). We employ general linear modeling of network size and diversity, received emotional and instrumental support, emotional and social loneliness, and depressive symptoms. Results The widowed are better off socially in 2013 than in 1993. Similar to the divorced they have a larger network, and similar to the never-married they receive more emotional support and are less emotional lonely. We find some gender differences in these developments. Discussion Societal change has not radically altered networks and well-being of unmarried older people. The widowed seem to benefit most, possibly because they are better able to retain relationships after widowhood.

scholarly journals Internalizing and externalizing dimensions and alcohol use in first time DWI offenders: Indirect effects through coping self-efficacy.

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Schlauch ◽  
Stephanie S. O'Malley ◽  
Bruce J. Rounsaville ◽  
Samuel A. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
First Time ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

scholarly journals Does Online Community Participation Contribute to Medication Adherence? An Empirical Study of Patients with Chronic Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5100
Author(s):  
Jyh-Jeng Wu ◽  
Yueh-Mei Chen ◽  
Paul C. Talley ◽  
Kuang-Ming Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Online Communities ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Online Community ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Informational Support ◽  
Chronic Patients ◽  
The Relationship

Effectively improving the medication adherence of patients is crucial. Past studies focused on treatment-related factors, but little attention has been paid to factors concerning human beliefs such as trust or self-efficacy. The purpose of this study is to explore the following aspects of patients with chronic diseases: (1) The relationship between emotional support, informational support, self-efficacy, and trust; (2) the relationship between self-efficacy, trust, and medication adherence; and, (3) whether chronic patients’ participation in different types of online communities brings about significant statistical differences in the relationships between the abovementioned variables. A questionnaire survey was conducted in this study, with 452 valid questionnaires collected from chronic patients previously participating in online community activities. Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling analysis showed that emotional support and informational support positively predict self-efficacy and trust, respectively, and consequently, self-efficacy and trust positively predict medication adherence. In addition, three relationships including the influence of emotional support on trust, the influence of trust on medication adherence, and the influence of self-efficacy on medication adherence, the types of online communities result in significant statistical differences. Based on the findings, this research suggests healthcare professionals can enhance patients’ self-efficacy in self-care by providing necessary health information via face-to-face or online communities, and assuring patients of demonstrable support. As such, patients’ levels of trust in healthcare professionals can be established, which in turn improves their medication adherence.

scholarly journals Which Psychosocial Factors Best Predict Cognitive Performance in Older Adults?

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura B. Zahodne ◽  
Cindy J. Nowinski ◽  
Richard C. Gershon ◽  
Jennifer J. Manly
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Psychosocial Variables

AbstractNegative affect (e.g., depression) is associated with accelerated age-related cognitive decline and heightened dementia risk. Fewer studies examine positive psychosocial factors (e.g., emotional support, self-efficacy) in cognitive aging. Preliminary reports suggest that these variables predict slower cognitive decline independent of negative affect. No reports have examined these factors in a single model to determine which best relate to cognition. Data from 482 individuals 55 and older came from the normative sample for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function. Negative and positive psychosocial factors, executive functioning, working memory, processing speed, and episodic memory were measured with the NIH Toolbox Emotion and Cognition modules. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling characterized independent relations between psychosocial factors and cognition. Psychosocial variables loaded onto negative and positive factors. Independent of education, negative affect and health status, greater emotional support was associated with better task-switching and processing speed. Greater self-efficacy was associated with better working memory. Negative affect was not independently associated with any cognitive variables. Findings support the conceptual distinctness of negative and positive psychosocial factors in older adults. Emotional support and self-efficacy may be more closely tied to cognition than other psychosocial variables. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–9)

scholarly journals The Relationship Among Sleep Quality, the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale, Abstinence Self-efficacy, and Quality of Life with Alcohol Use Disorder in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
EunJu Song
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Stages Of Change ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
The Relationship

Many patients with alcohol use disorder experienced insomnia or sleep disturbances. However, their sleep problems rarely addressed in the treatment process. It may prove beneficial if treatment programs should intend to help prevent the recurrence of alcohol use disorder by solving patients’ sleep-induced problems and accordingly include appropriate sleep interventions. The present study employed a descriptive design and conducted a cross-sectional survey to assess the relationship among sleep quality, score on the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES), abstinence self-efficacy, and quality of life in inpatients with alcohol use disorders. Data were collected from June to August 2018, from 117 patients admitted to the psychiatric ward for alcohol-use patients in two mental hospitals in South Korea. Sleep quality was significantly correlated with the SOCRATES score (r = .247, p = .007) and quality of life (r = -.346, p = .001). However, it showed no relationship with abstinence self-efficacy (r = -.066, p = .477). These findings suggest that abstinence programs need to employ a comprehensive approach instead of primarily focusing on maintaining abstinence and cessation of alcohol use. However, both sleep disturbances and alcohol abstinence require patience and prolonged treatment. Thus, it is a challenge to design concrete interventions to address the sleep problems experienced by patients with alcohol use disorder.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic inequalities in lifestyle risk factors across low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Dieteren ◽  
Igna Bonfrer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Harmful Alcohol ◽  
Lifestyle Risk

Abstract Background The heavy and ever rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) warrants interventions to reduce their underlying risk factors, which are often linked to lifestyles. To effectively supplement nationwide policies with targeted interventions, it is important to know how these risk factors are distributed across socioeconomic segments of populations in LMICs. This study quantifies the prevalence and socioeconomic inequalities in lifestyle risk factors in LMICs, to identify policy priorities conducive to the Sustainable Development Goal of a one third reduction in deaths from NCDs by 2030. Methods Data from 1,278,624 adult respondents to Demographic & Health Surveys across 22 LMICs between 2013 and 2018 are used to estimate crude prevalence rates and socioeconomic inequalities in tobacco use, overweight, harmful alcohol use and the clustering of these three in a household. Inequalities are measured by a concentration index and correlated with the percentage of GDP spent on health. We estimate a multilevel model to examine associations of individual characteristics with the different lifestyle risk factors. Results The prevalence of tobacco use among men ranges from 59.6% (Armenia) to 6.6% (Nigeria). The highest level of overweight among women is 83.7% (Egypt) while this is less than 12% in Burundi, Chad and Timor-Leste. 82.5% of women in Burundi report that their partner is “often or sometimes drunk” compared to 1.3% in Gambia. Tobacco use is concentrated among the poor, except for the low share of men smoking in Nigeria. Overweight, however, is concentrated among the better off, especially in Tanzania and Zimbabwe (Erreygers Index (EI) 0.227 and 0.232). Harmful alcohol use is more concentrated among the better off in Nigeria (EI 0.127), while Chad, Rwanda and Togo show an unequal pro-poor distribution (EI respectively − 0.147, -0.210, -0.266). Cambodia exhibits the largest socioeconomic inequality in unhealthy household behaviour (EI -0.253). The multilevel analyses confirm that in LMICs, tobacco and alcohol use are largely concentrated among the poor, while overweight is concentrated among the better-off. The associations between the share of GDP spent on health and the socioeconomical distribution of lifestyle factors are multidirectional. Conclusions This study emphasizes the importance of lifestyle risk factors in LMICs and the socioeconomic variation therein. Given the different socioeconomic patterns in lifestyle risk factors - overweight patters in LMICs differ considerably from those in high income countries- tailored interventions towards specific high-risk populations are warranted to supplement nationwide policies.

scholarly journals Illuminating Differences in The Psychological Predictors of Academic Performance for First- And Continuing-Generation Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Academic Stress ◽  
First Generation Students ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Academic Self Efficacy

First-generation college students experience a disproportionate rate of challenges on college campuses, reflected by lower academic performance. Research has identified academic self-efficacy, optimism, goal orientation, and academic stress all as psychological factors associated with academic performance. However, this research rarely distinguishes between first- and continuing-generation students, and there may be unique effects for each group. We investigated whether the previously identified psychological factors associated with academic performance hold the same relationships for firstand continuing-generation college students. A sample of 143 undergraduate students self-reported levels of academic self-efficacy, optimism, goal orientation, and academic stress. Academic performance was measured using their midterm exam grade. There were differences found in the mean levels of psychological factors and their associations with academic performance for first- and continuing-generation students. Overall, the psychological factors explained a very small portion of the variance in academic performance among first-generation students (13.4%) with none of the psychological factors holding an independent association with academic performance. Conversely, psychological factors explained considerably more of the variance in academic performance for continuing-generation students (60.5%), with domains of goal orientation and academic stress being independently associated with academic performance. Our findings suggest that new pathways to improving first-generation students’ academic performance should be identified, and that

Socioeconomic inequalities in unhealthy lifestyles in low- and middle-income countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Dieteren ◽  
Igna Bonfrer
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Harmful Alcohol ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background: The heavy and ever rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) warrants interventions to reduce unhealthy lifestyles. To effectively target these interventions, it is important to know how unhealthy lifestyles vary with socioeconomic characteristics. This study quantifies prevalence and socioeconomic inequalities in unhealthy lifestyles in LMICs, to identify policy priorities conducive to the Sustainable Development Goal of a one third reduction in deaths from NCDs by 2030.Methods: Data from 1,278,624 adult respondents to Demographic & Health Surveys across 22 LMICs between 2013 and 2018 are used to estimate crude prevalence rates and socioeconomic inequalities in tobacco use, overweight, harmful alcohol use and the clustering of these three in a household. Inequalities are measured by a concentration index and correlated with the percentage of GDP spent on health. We estimate a multilevel model to examine associations of individual characteristics with different unhealthy lifestyles.Results: The prevalence of tobacco use among men ranges from 59.6% (Armenia) to 6.6% (Nigeria). The highest level of overweight among women is 83.7% (Egypt) while this is less than 12% in Burundi, Chad and Timor-Leste. 82.5% of women in Burundi report that their partner is “often or sometimes drunk” compared to 1.3% in Gambia. Tobacco use is concentrated among the poor, except for the low share of men smoking in Nigeria. Overweight, however, is concentrated among the better off, especially in Tanzania and Zimbabwe (Erreygers Index (EI) 0.227 and 0.232). Harmful alcohol use is more concentrated among the better off in Nigeria (EI 0.127), while Chad, Rwanda and Togo show an unequal pro-poor distribution (EI respectively -0.147, -0.210, -0.266). Cambodia exhibits the largest socioeconomic inequality in unhealthy household behaviour (EI -0.253). The multilevel analyses confirm that in LMICs, tobacco and alcohol use are largely concentrated among the poor, while overweight is concentrated among the better-off.Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of unhealthy lifestyles in LMICs and the socioeconomic variation therein. Given the different socioeconomic patterns in unhealthy lifestyles - overweight patters in LMICs differ considerably from those in high income countries- tailored interventions towards specific high-risk populations are warranted.

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