scholarly journals Impact of high drinking water nitrate levels on the endogenous formation of apparent N-nitroso compounds in combination with meat intake in healthy volunteers

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone G. van Breda ◽  
Karen Mathijs ◽  
Virág Sági-Kiss ◽  
Gunter G. Kuhnle ◽  
Ben van der Veer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Nitroso Compounds ◽  
White Meat ◽  
Meat Intake ◽  
Endogenous Formation ◽  
Processed Red Meat

Abstract Background Nitrate is converted to nitrite in the human body and subsequently can react with amines and amides in the gastrointestinal tract to form N-nitroso compounds (NOCs), which are known to be carcinogenic in animals. Humans can be exposed to nitrate via consumption of drinking water and diet, especially green leafy vegetables and cured meat. The contribution of nitrate from drinking water in combination with meat intake has not been investigated thoroughly. Therefore, in the present pilot study, we examined the effect of nitrate from drinking water, and its interaction with the consumption of white and processed red meat, on the endogenous formation of NOCs, taking into account the intake of vitamin C, a nitrosation inhibitor. Methods Twenty healthy subjects were randomly assigned to two groups consuming either 3.75 g/kg body weight (maximum 300 g per day) processed red meat or unprocessed white meat per day for two weeks. Drinking water nitrate levels were kept low during the first week (< 1.5 mg/L), whereas in week 2, nitrate levels in drinking water were adjusted to the acceptable daily intake level of 3.7 mg/kg bodyweight. At baseline, after 1 and 2 weeks, faeces and 24 h urine samples were collected for analyses of nitrate, apparent total N-nitroso compounds (ATNC), compliance markers, and genotoxic potential in human colonic Caco-2 cells. Results Urinary nitrate excretion was significantly increased during the high drinking water nitrate period for both meat types. Furthermore, levels of compliance markers for meat intake were significantly increased in urine from subjects consuming processed red meat (i.e. 1-Methylhistidine levels), or unprocessed white meat (i.e. 3-Methylhistidine). ATNC levels significantly increased during the high drinking water nitrate period, which was more pronounced in the processed red meat group. Genotoxicity in Caco-2 cells exposed to faecal water resulted in increased genotoxicity after the interventions, but results were only significant in the low drinking water nitrate period in subjects consuming processed red meat. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the ratio of nitrate/vitamin C intake (including drinking water) and the level of ATNC in faecal water of subjects in the processed red meat group, but this was not statistically significant. Conclusions Drinking water nitrate significantly contributed to the endogenous formation of NOC, independent of the meat type consumed. This implies that drinking water nitrate levels should be taken into account when evaluating the effect of meat consumption on endogenous formation of NOC. Trial registration Dutch Trialregister: 29707. Registered 19th of October 2018. Retrospectively registered.

Dietary meat, endogenous nitrosation and colorectal cancer

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1355-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.G.C. Kuhnle ◽  
S.A. Bingham
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Nitroso Compounds ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Nitroso Compound ◽  
White Meat ◽  
Total N ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Endogenous Formation ◽  
Red And Processed Meat

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in developed countries such as the U.K., but incidence rates around the world vary approx. 20-fold. Diet is thought to be a key factor determining risk: red and processed meat, but not white meat or fish, are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. The endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds is a possible explanation because red and processed meat, but not white meat or fish, cause a dose-dependent increase in faecal ATNCs (apparent total N-nitroso compounds) and the formation of nitroso-compound-specific DNA adducts in humans. Red meat is particularly rich in haem which has been found to promote the endogenous formation of ATNC. Nitrosyl haem and nitroso thiols have been identified as major constituents of both faecal and ileal ATNC with a significant increase in the formation of these compounds following a diet rich in red meat. In vitro incubations show that, under simulated gastric conditions, nitroso thiols are the main species of nitroso compound formed, suggesting that acid-catalysed thionitrosation is the initial step in the endogenous formation of nitroso compounds. Nitrosyl haem and other nitroso compounds can then form under the alkaline and reductive conditions of the small and large bowel.

669 EFFECTS OF LEAN RED MEAT OR LEAN WHITE MEAT INTAKE ON THE LIPID PROFILE IN WOMEN: A RANDOMIZED CROSSOVER STUDY

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
R. Mateo-Galleqo ◽  
S. Perez-Calahorra ◽  
A.M. Bea ◽  
E. Burillo ◽  
J. Homo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crossover Study ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
White Meat ◽  
Meat Intake ◽  
Randomized Crossover Study

scholarly journals Red meat intake is positively associated with non-fatal acute myocardial infarction in the Costa Rica Heart Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongqing Wang ◽  
Hannia Campos ◽  
Ana Baylin
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Meat Intake ◽  
Acute Mi ◽  
Red Meat Intake ◽  
Processed Red Meat

AbstractThe adverse effect of red meat consumption on the risk for CVD is a major population health concern, especially in developing Hispanic/Latino countries in which there are clear trends towards increased consumption. This population-based case–control study examined the associations between total, processed and unprocessed red meat intakes and non-fatal acute myocardial infarction (MI) in Costa Rica. The study included 2131 survivors of a first non-fatal acute MI and 2131 controls individually matched by age, sex and area of residence. Dietary intake was assessed with a FFQ. OR were estimated by using conditional logistic regression. Higher intakes of total and processed red meat were associated with increased odds of acute MI. The OR were 1·31 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·65) and 1·29 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·65) for the highest quintiles of total red meat (median: 110·8 g or 1 serving/d) and processed red meat intake (median: 36·1 g or 5 servings/week), respectively. There were increasing trends in the odds of acute MI with higher total (Ptrend=0·01) and processed (Ptrend=0·02) red meat intakes. Unprocessed red meat intake was not associated with increased odds of acute MI. Substitutions of 50 g of alternative foods (fish, milk, chicken without skin and chicken without fat) for 50 g of total, processed and unprocessed red meat were associated with lower odds of acute MI. The positive association between red meat intake and acute MI in Costa Rica highlights the importance of reducing red meat consumption in middle-income Hispanic/Latino populations.

scholarly journals Does increased endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the human colon explain the association between red meat and colon cancer?

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Bingham ◽  
B. Pignatelli ◽  
J.R.A. Pollock ◽  
A. Ellul ◽  
C. Malaveille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Nitroso Compounds ◽  
Endogenous Formation

scholarly journals Red meat intake and risk of coronary heart disease among US men: prospective cohort study

BMJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. m4141
Author(s):  
Laila Al-Shaar ◽  
Ambika Satija ◽  
Dong D Wang ◽  
Eric B Rimm ◽  
Stephanie A Smith-Warner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Meat Intake ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Red Meat Intake ◽  
Meat And Eggs ◽  
Processed Red Meat

AbstractObjectivesTo study total, processed, and unprocessed red meat in relation to risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and to estimate the effects of substituting other protein sources for red meat with CHD risk.DesignProspective cohort study with repeated measures of diet and lifestyle factors.SettingHealth Professionals Follow-Up Study cohort, United States, 1986-2016.Participants43 272 men without cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was total CHD, comprised of acute non-fatal myocardial infarction or fatal CHD. Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals across categories of red meat consumption. Substitution analyses were conducted by comparing coefficients for red meat and the alternative food in models, including red meat and alternative foods as continuous variables.ResultsDuring 1 023 872 person years of follow-up, 4456 incident CHD events were documented of which 1860 were fatal. After multivariate adjustment for dietary and non-dietary risk factors, total, unprocessed, and processed red meat intake were each associated with a modestly higher risk of CHD (hazard ratio for one serving per day increment: 1.12 (95% confidence interval 1.06 to 1.18) for total red meat, 1.11 (1.02 to 1.21) for unprocessed red meat, and 1.15 (1.06 to 1.25) for processed red meat). Compared with red meat, the intake of one serving per day of combined plant protein sources (nuts, legumes, and soy) was associated with a lower risk of CHD (0.86 (0.80 to 0.93) compared with total red meat, 0.87 (0.79 to 0.95) compared with unprocessed red meat, and 0.83 (0.76 to 0.91) compared with processed red meat). Substitutions of whole grains and dairy products for total red meat and eggs for processed red meat were also associated with lower CHD risk.ConclusionsSubstituting high quality plant foods such as legumes, nuts, or soy for red meat might reduce the risk of CHD. Substituting whole grains and dairy products for total red meat, and eggs for processed red meat, might also reduce this risk.

scholarly journals Meat intake and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in two large US prospective cohorts of women and men

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanan Ma ◽  
Wanshui Yang ◽  
Tricia Li ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
Tracey G Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Fish Intake ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Meat Intake ◽  
Red Meats ◽  
Processed Red Meat

Abstract Background Epidemiological evidence on the associations between meat intake and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was limited and inconsistent. Methods We prospectively examined the association between consumption of meats and meat mutagens with HCC risk using data from the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for known liver-cancer risk factors. Results During up to 32 years of follow-up, we documented 163 incident HCC cases. The HRs of HCC for the highest vs the lowest tertile intake levels were 1.84 (95% CI: 1.16–2.92, Ptrend = 0.04) for processed red meats and 0.61 (95% CI: 0.40–0.91, Ptrend = 0.02) for total white meats. There was a null association between unprocessed red meats and HCC risk (HR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.68–1.63, Ptrend = 0.85). We found both poultry (HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.40–0.90, Ptrend = 0.01) and fish (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.47–1.05, Ptrend = 0.10) were inversely associated with HCC risk. The HR for HCC risk was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.61–1.02) when 1 standard deviation of processed red meats was substituted with an equivalent amount of poultry or fish intake. We also found a suggestive positive association of intake of meat-derived mutagenicity or heterocyclic amines with risk of HCC. Conclusions Processed red meat intake might be associated with higher, whereas poultry or possibly fish intake might be associated with lower, risk of HCC. Replacing processed red meat with poultry or fish might be associated with reduced HCC risk.

Abstract P512: Red Meat Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among US Men

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Al-Shaar ◽  
Ambika Satija ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Eric Rimm ◽  
Stephanie A Smith-Warner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Meat Intake ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Red Meat Intake ◽  
Processed Red Meat

Background: The relation of red meat to risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is of great interest, but this is likely to depend on the foods to which red meat is compared. Objective: We investigated the associations between total, processed and unprocessed red meat consumption and CHD risk and also estimated the effects of substituting other protein sources for red meat. Methods: We prospectively followed 43,259 men in the Health Professionals Follow up Study (1986-2012) who had no known history of cancer or cardiovascular disease. Diet was assessed by a standardized and validated food frequency questionnaire that was updated every 4 years. Multivariate Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of CHD risk across categories of red meat consumption. Substitution analyses were done by comparing coefficients in models including alternative foods as continuous variables. Results: During 932,968 person-years of follow-up, we documented 4,148 incident CHD cases of which 1,680 were fatal CHD cases. After multivariate adjustment for dietary and nondietary risk factors, both total and processed red meat intake were associated with a modestly higher risk of CHD (HR for a one serving/day increment: 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.14 for total and HR=1.13; 95% CI, 1.03-1.22 for processed red meat). Substitutions of 1-serving per day of other foods (including nuts, legumes, soy, whole grains, low- and high-fat dairy) for 1-serving per day of total red meat were associated with a 10%-47% lower CHD risk. Stronger inverse associations were observed between some of these substitutions for red meat and risk of fatal CHD [substituting nuts (-17%, -27% to -6%) or whole grains (-48%, -60% to -32%), and were more pronounced when replacing processed red meat. Conclusions: Our results suggest that red meat consumption, particularly processed red meat, is associated with higher risk of CHD. Substituting high-quality plant foods such as legumes, nuts, soy, and whole grains for red meat may substantially lower CHD risk.

scholarly journals Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 762-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itziar Abete ◽  
Dora Romaguera ◽  
Ana Rita Vieira ◽  
Adolfo Lopez de Munain ◽  
Teresa Norat
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
White Meat ◽  
Meat Intake ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Processed Meat Consumption ◽  
Cvd Mortality

An association between processed and red meat consumption and total mortality has been reported by epidemiological studies; however, there are many controversial reports regarding the association between meat consumption and CVD and IHD mortality. The present meta-analysis was carried out to summarise the evidence from prospective cohort studies on the association between consumption of meat (total, red, white and processed) and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality. Cohort studies were identified by searching the PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge databases. Risk estimates for the highest v. the lowest consumption category and dose–response meta-analysis were calculated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity among the studies was also evaluated. A total of thirteen cohort studies were identified (1 674 272 individuals). Subjects in the highest category of processed meat consumption had 22 and 18 % higher risk of mortality from any cause and CVD, respectively. Red meat consumption was found to be associated with a 16 % higher risk of CVD mortality, while no association was found for total and white meat consumption. In the dose–response meta-analysis, an increase of 50 g/d in processed meat intake was found to be positively associated with all-cause and CVD mortality, while an increase of 100 g/d in red meat intake was found to be positively associated with CVD mortality. No significant associations were observed between consumption of any type of meat and IHD mortality. The results of the present meta-analysis indicate that processed meat consumption could increase the risk of mortality from any cause and CVD, while red meat consumption is positively but weakly associated with CVD mortality. These results should be interpreted with caution due to the high heterogeneity observed in most of the analyses as well as the possibility of residual confounding.

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