scholarly journals Identification of sensory and motor nerve fascicles by immunofluorescence staining after peripheral nerve injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xijie Zhou ◽  
Jian Du ◽  
Liming Qing ◽  
Thomas Mee ◽  
Xiang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Neural Regeneration ◽  
Immunofluorescence Staining ◽  
Immunofluorescent Staining ◽  
Neurofilament Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sensory Fibers

Abstract Background Inappropriate matching of motor and sensory fibers after nerve repair or nerve grafting can lead to failure of nerve recovery. Identification of motor and sensory fibers is important for the development of new approaches that facilitate neural regeneration and the next generation of nerve signal-controlled neuro-prosthetic limbs with sensory feedback technology. Only a few methods have been reported to differentiate sensory and motor nerve fascicles, and the reliability of these techniques is unknown. Immunofluorescence staining is one of the most commonly used methods to distinguish sensory and motor nerve fibers, however, its accuracy remains unknown. Methods In this study, we aim to determine the efficacy of popular immunofluorescence markers for motor and sensory nerve fibers. We harvested the facial (primarily motor fascicles) and sural (primarily sensory fascicles) nerves in rats, and examined the immunofluorescent staining expressions of motor markers (choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), tyrosine kinase (TrkA)), and sensory markers [neurofilament protein 200 kDa (NF-200), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and Transient receptor potential vanillic acid subtype 1 (TRPV1)]. Three methods, including the average area percentage, the mean gray value, and the axon count, were used to quantify the positive expression of nerve markers in the immunofluorescence images. Results Our results suggest the mean gray value method is the most reliable method. The mean gray value of immunofluorescence in ChAT (63.0 ± 0.76%) and TRKA (47.6 ± 0.43%) on the motor fascicles was significantly higher than that on the sensory fascicles (ChAT: 49.2 ± 0.72%, P < 0.001; and TRKA: 29.1 ± 0.85%, P < 0.001). Additionally, the mean gray values of TRPV1 (51.5 ± 0.83%), NF-200 (61.5 ± 0.62%) and CGRP (37.7 ± 1.22%) on the motor fascicles were significantly lower than that on the sensory fascicles respectively (71.9 ± 2.32%, 69.3 ± 0.46%, and 54.3 ± 1.04%) (P < 0.001). The most accurate cutpoint occurred using CHAT/CRCP ratio, where a value of 0.855 had 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity to identify motor and sensory nerve with an area under the ROC curve of 1.000 (P < 0.001). Conclusions A combination of ChAT and CGRP is suggested to distinguish motor and sensory nerve fibers.

scholarly journals Phytochemicals, Traditional Uses and Processing of Aconitum Species in Nepal

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajan L Shyaula
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Traditional Uses ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Tuberous Roots ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Phytochemical Studies ◽  
Mean Time

The tuberous roots of genus Aconitum are commonly applied for various diseases, such as rheumatic fever, painful joints and some endocrinal disorders. It stimulates the tip of sensory nerve fibers. These tubers of Aconitum are used in the herbal medicines only after processing. At the mean time, there remain high toxicological risks of the improper usages of Aconitum. The cardio- and neurotoxicity of this herb are potentially lethal. Some of the species like A. ferox and A. spicatum are deadly poisonous while others like A. oreochryseum and A. bisma are used as the antidote for Aconitum poisoning. It is therefore, a valuable drug as well as an unpredictable toxic material. In the current review, assessments of Aconitum species are carried out, to increase knowledge for the safety uses, in context of Nepal. The traditional uses, phytochemical studies, its processing techniques and toxicological principles are reviewed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6496 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 171-178 

Bupivacaine Preferentially Blocks Ventral Root Axons in Rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike B. Dietz ◽  
Richard A. Jaffe
Keyword(s):  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Conduction Block ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Ventral Root ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Spinal Root

Background Clinically, bupivacaine can provide excellent sensory anesthesia with minimal impairment of motor function. However, the mechanisms by which local anesthetics produce differential sensory-motor nerve block is still unknown. The primary site of action for spinal and epidural anesthetics is thought to be the intradural segment of the spinal root. To determine the differential susceptibility of single motor and sensory nerve fibers to local anesthetic conduction block, bupivacaine effects on individual dorsal root (DR) and ventral root (VR) axons were studied. Methods Lumbar DRs and VRs were excised from anesthetized adult male rats. Single-fiber dissection and recording techniques were used to isolate activity in individual axons. Supramaximal constant-voltage stimuli at 0.3 Hz were delivered to the root. During in vitro perfusion, each root was exposed to increasing concentrations of bupivacaine, and the minimum blocking concentration (C(m)) and the concentration that increased conduction latency by 50% (latency EC50) were measured. Results Ventral root axons were significantly more sensitive to the steady-state conduction blocking effects of bupivacaine than were either myelinated or unmyelinated DR axons (DR-C(m), 32.4 microM; VR-C(m), 13.8 microM; P &lt; 0.0001). In addition, VR axons were more susceptible to the latency-increasing effects of bupivacaine than were DR axons (DR-EC50 = 20.7 microM; VR-EC50 = 8.5 microM; P &lt; 0.0001). Within axon groups, differential sensitivity as a function of conduction velocity (axon diameter), or length of nerve exposed to the anesthetic could not be demonstrated. Conclusions In contrast to clinical expectations, low concentrations of bupivacaine preferentially block motor (VR) axons in the rat.

scholarly journals Ghrelin Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats: Studies on the Mechanisms of Action

Endocrinology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Sibilia ◽  
G. Rindi ◽  
F. Pagani ◽  
D. Rapetti ◽  
V. Locatelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Gastroprotective Activity ◽  
Gastroprotective Effect ◽  
Cervical Vagotomy ◽  
Conventional Histology ◽  
Sensory Denervation ◽  
Sensory Fibers ◽  
Histology And Immunohistochemistry

Abstract Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for GH secretagogue receptors, has been reported to influence acid gastric secretion and motility, but its potential gastroprotective effect is unknown. The aims of this study were 1) to examine the effects of central and peripheral administration of ghrelin on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in conscious rats, and 2) to investigate the possible roles of nitric oxide (NO), vagal nerve, and sensory fibers in the gastric effects of ghrelin. Ghrelin was administered either intracerebroventricularly or sc 30 min before ethanol, and mucosal lesions were examined macroscopically. Additionally, rats were either treated with the inhibitor of NO synthesis Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or underwent bilateral cervical vagotomy or capsaicin-induced sensory denervation. Conventional histology and immunohistochemistry for ghrelin, gastrin, and somatostatin were performed on gastric specimens from representative rats. Central ghrelin (4–4000 ng/rat) dose-dependently reduced ethanol-induced gastric ulcers by 39–77%. Subcutaneous ghrelin administration (80 μg/kg) reduced ulcer depth only. L-NAME and capsaicin, but not vagotomy, prevented the gastroprotective effect of central ghrelin (4000 ng/rat). This is the first evidence that ghrelin exerts a potent central gastroprotective activity against ethanol-induced lesions. The gastroprotective effect of ghrelin is mediated by endogenous NO release and requires the integrity of sensory nerve fibers.

scholarly journals BOTULISM. STUDIES ON THE MANNER IN WHICH THE TOXIN OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM ACTS UPON THE BODY

1923 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest C. Dickson ◽  
Eshref Shevky
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Striated Muscles ◽  
Organic Destruction ◽  
Sensory Fibers

1. In addition to the effect upon the fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system which was described in a previous report (1), the toxin of Clostridium botilinum. Types A and B, exerts an influence upon the endings of the motor fibers of the voluntary nervous system which leads to a marked susceptibility to fatigue. It has not been determined whether the damage is in the anatomical nerve endings of the somatic motor nerve fibers or upon the myoneural junction, but it is not of the nature of an organic destruction of tissue. 2. There is no effect upon the sensory fibers of the peripheral nerves. 3. The muscle cells of the smooth and striated muscles are not affected. 4. The disturbances in function which have been demonstrated in the voluntary and involuntary nervous systems fully explain the characteristic signs and symptoms of botulinus intoxication.

Outcomes of Cubital Tunnel Surgery among Patients with Absent Sensory Nerve Conduction

Neurosurgery ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 891-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assad Taha ◽  
Marcelo Galarza ◽  
Mario Zuccarello ◽  
Jamal Taha
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Conduction ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Cubital Tunnel ◽  
Symptom Duration ◽  
Motor Nerve Conduction ◽  
Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Subcutaneous Transposition

Abstract OBJECTIVE To report the outcomes of cubital tunnel surgery for patients with absent ulnar sensory nerve conduction. METHODS The charts of 34 patients who exhibited clinical symptoms of ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow and who had electromyography-confirmed prolonged motor nerve conduction across the cubital tunnel in association with absent sensory nerve conduction were reviewed. The mean age was 63 years, and the mean symptom duration was 17 months. Four patients had bilateral symptoms. Surgery was performed for 38 limbs, i.e., neurolysis for 21 limbs and subcutaneous transposition for 17 limbs. Fifteen limbs demonstrated associated ulnar nerve-related motor weakness. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 4 years (range, 3 mo to 11 yr). RESULTS Sensory symptoms (i.e., pain, paresthesia, and two-point discrimination) improved in 20 limbs (53%), and muscle strength improved in 2 limbs (13%). Improvements in sensory symptoms were not related to patient age, symptom duration, cause, severity of prolonged motor nerve conduction, select psychological factors, associated medical diseases, associated cervical pathological conditions, or type of surgery. Improvements in sensory symptoms were significantly decreased among patients who had experienced cervical disease for more than 1 year and patients with bilateral symptoms. CONCLUSION Patients with cubital tunnel syndrome who have absent sensory nerve conduction seem to experience less improvement of sensory symptoms after surgery, compared with all patients with cubital tunnel syndrome described in the literature. Bilateral symptoms and delayed surgery secondary to associated cervical spine disease seem to be significant negative factors for postoperative improvement of sensory symptoms. Sensory symptoms improved similarly among patients who underwent neurolysis or subcutaneous transposition

scholarly journals Itch and Cough – Similar Role of Sensory Nerves in Their Pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
pp. S43-S54
Author(s):  
T. Pecova ◽  
I. Kocan ◽  
R. Vysehradsky ◽  
R. Pecova
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
C Fibers ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Sensory Fibers ◽  
Peripheral Sensory

Itch is the most common chief complaint in patients visiting dermatology clinics and is analogous to cough and also sneeze of the lower and upper respiratory tract, all three of which are host actions trying to clear noxious stimuli. The pathomechanisms of these symptoms are not completely determined. The itch can originate from a variety of etiologies. Itch originates following the activation of peripheral sensory nerve endings following damage or exposure to inflammatory mediators. More than one sensory nerve subtype is thought to subserve pruriceptive itch which includes both unmyelinated C-fibers and thinly myelinated Aδ nerve fibers. There are a lot of mediators capable of stimulating these afferent nerves leading to itch. Cough and itch pathways are mediated by small-diameter sensory fibers. These cough and itch sensory fibers release neuropeptides upon activation, which leads to inflammation of the nerves. The inflammation is involved in the development of chronic conditions of itch and cough. The aim of this review is to point out the role of sensory nerves in the pathogenesis of cough and itching. The common aspects of itch and cough could lead to new thoughts and perspectives in both fields.

scholarly journals Structure, function, and mechanism of action of the vanilloid TRPV1 receptor

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 481-488
Author(s):  
Paweł Siudem ◽  
Katarzyna Paradowska
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Trpv1 Receptor ◽  
Transient Receptor ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The TRPV1 receptor (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1) is a non-selective cationic channel activated by vanilloids like capsaicin. Therefore, TRPV1 is also called a capsaicin’s receptor, which is a spicy substance found in chili peppers. The receptor is located in sensory nerve fibers and non-neuronal cells, for example in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. It is thought to act as an integrator of various physical and chemical stimuli that provide heat and pain. The activation of the TRPV1 may affect at various physiological functions like release inflammatory mediators, gastrointestinal motility and temperature regulation. Numerous studies in recent years show TRPV1 plays an important role in physiology and development of pathological conditions of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and respiratory system. These receptors are widely studied as a gripping point for new painkillers, but there are also data indicating their potential involvement in the pathomechanism of various diseases, e.g. epilepsy. TRPV1 targeting may be useful not only in paintreatment but also urinary incontinence, chronic cough or irritable bowel syndrome. The need for further investigation of the therapeutic potential of TRPV1 antagonists indicates the lack of effective drugs to treat many of these conditions. The purpose of this article is to collect and summarize knowledge about the TRPV1 receptor, its structure and mechanism of action.

scholarly journals Roles of Epithelial and Mesenchymal TRP Channels in Mediating Inflammatory Fibrosis

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuka Okada ◽  
Takayoshi Sumioka ◽  
Peter S. Reinach ◽  
Masayasu Miyajima ◽  
Shizuya Saika
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Trp Channels ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Ocular Tissue ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
Expression Levels

The maintenance of normal vision is dependent on preserving corneal transparency. For this to occur, this tissue must remain avascular and its stromal architecture needs to be retained. Epithelial transparency is maintained provided the uppermost stratified layers of this tissue are composed of terminally differentiated non-keratinizing cells. In addition, it is essential that the underlying stromal connective tissue remains avascular and scar-free. Keratocytes are the source of fibroblasts that are interspersed within the collagenous framework and the extracellular matrix. In addition, there are sensory nerve fibers whose lineage is possibly either neural crest or mesenchymal. Corneal wound healing studies have been undertaken to delineate the underlying pathogenic responses that result in the development of opacification following chemical injury. An alkali burn is one type of injury that can result in severe and long- lasting losses in ocular transparency. During the subsequent wound healing process, numerous different proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes undergo upregulation. Such increases in their expression levels induce maladaptive expression of sustained stromal inflammatory fibrosis, neovascularization, and losses in the smooth optical properties of the corneal outer surface. It is becoming apparent that different transient receptor potential channel (TRP) isoforms are important players in mediating these different events underlying the wound healing process since injury upregulates both their expression levels and functional involvement. In this review, we focus on the involvement of TRPV1, TRPA1 and TRPV4 in mediating some of the responses that underlie the control of anterior ocular tissue homeostasis under normal and pathological conditions. They are expressed on both different cell types throughout this tissue and also on corneal sensory nerve endings. Their roles have been extensively studied as sensors and transducers of environmental stimuli resulting from exposure to intrinsic modulators and extrinsic ligands. These triggers include alteration of the ambient temperature and mechanical stress, etc., that can induce pathophysiological responses underlying losses in tissue transparency activated by wound healing in mice losses in tissue transparency. In this article, experimental findings are reviewed about the role of injury-induced TRP channel activation in mediating inflammatory fibrotic responses during wound healing in mice.

Neurophysiological effect of 3-cm microwave radiation

1961 ◽  
Vol 200 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. McAfee
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nociceptive Response ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Sensory Fibers ◽  
Peripheral Sensory ◽  
Stimulation Of

Neurophysiological effects from locally applied 3-cm microwave irradiation are demonstrated on decerebrate and anesthetized cats and shown to be the result of thermal stimulation of peripheral sensory nerve fibers. The penetrating characteristic of 3-cm radiation heats these fibers within the skin and subcutaneous tissue to 45° ± 2°C at which temperature a nociceptive response is elicited from the experimental animals. The irradiation is applied to small areas of skin or short sections of nerve trunks rich in sensory fibers and the nociceptive response obtained is quite different from the signs of a hyperthermal state seen during whole-body microwave irradiation.

Fiber Components of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve in the Cat

1976 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Gacek ◽  
Michael J. Lyon
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Fiber Components ◽  
Sensory Fibers

Experimental neuroanatomical methods were employed in 21 adult cats to determine 1) the number and size of myelinated motor and sensory fibers in the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and 2) the fiber components originating in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and retrofacial nucleus (RFN) of the brain stem. Intracranial transection of the X and XI cranial nerves and selective destruction of the NA or RFN were the experimental lesions inflicted in order to obtain the following results. About 55% (312) of the right RLN (565 fibers) is composed of myelinated motor nerve fibers which measure 4 μ − 9 μ in diameter. Nine percent come from the RFN and are smaller (4–6 μ) than the 46% which emanate from the NA and measure 6–9 μ in diameter. The remaining 45% of the RLN is made up of sensory neurons which can be divided into three groups. 1)The largest numerical group (32%) is very small in caliber (1–3 μ) and supplies extralaryngeal regions (trachea, esophagus). 2) The intermediate size fiber group (4–9 μ) comprises 11% of the RLN and probably supplies the subglottic mucosa. 3) The smallest group (2%) of sensory fibers is the largest in diameter (10–15 μ) and may represent either the innervation of muscle spindles or afferents from the superior laryngeal nerve coursing down into the chest.

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