scholarly journals Ethnoichthyology of freshwater fish in Europe: a review of vanishing traditional fisheries and their cultural significance in changing landscapes from the later medieval period with a focus on northern Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingvar Svanberg ◽  
Alison Locker
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Folk Taxonomies

Abstract Background Fishing is probably one of the oldest economic activities in the history of humankind. Lakes, rivers and streams in Europe are important elements in the European landscape with a rich diversity of fish and other aquatic organisms. Artisanal fisheries have therefore been of great importance for the provision of food, but also animal feed, medicine, fertilizer and other needs. These fishermen had a deep knowledge about the waterscape and its biota. However, ethnoichthyology remains a small topic within contemporary ethnobiology in Europe. Our focus lies within northern Europe in the late medieval to modern period, but encompasses the wider area with some reference to earlier periods where informative. Method We have reviewed a large amount of literature mainly on the relationship between man and fish in freshwaters from late medieval times (defined here as the fifteenth century) until the early twenty-first century. The main focus is on freshwater (including anadromous and catadromous) fish in northern Europe, the main area of study for both authors, though examples have been included from elsewhere to indicate the widespread importance of these fisheries. The review includes studies from various fields such as archaeology, ethnography, fish biology, geography, linguistics and osteology to map what has been studied of interest in ethnoichthyology. These data have been analysed and critically reviewed. Results There are archaeozoological studies, studies of specialised fishers as well as artisanal fishing among the peasantry, research of folk taxonomies, fishing methods (including the use of poison) and gear, which are all of great interest for ethnoichthyology. There is also research on traditional preserving methods for fish as food and for other purposes. Of interest is the keeping of fish in wells, ponds and aquaria. However, there is still room for more research within many domains of ethnoichthyology. Conclusion Humans have always utilized fish and other aquatic resources. Nonetheless, few ethnobiologists working within Europe are so far researching human-fish relationships. This paper demonstrates the range of research available, but also points to future studies. It is important to widen ethnobiological research in Europe to include fish.

scholarly journals Christian Calendars in Medieval Hebrew Manuscripts

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 236-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sacha Stern
Keyword(s):  
Northern Europe ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Medieval Hebrew

The phenomenon of Christian calendars in Hebrew has largely been ignored in modern scholarship; yet it points to an important dimension of Jewish-Christian relations, and more specifically Jewish attitudes towards Christianity, in late medieval northern Europe. It is also evidence of transfer of religious knowledge between Christians and Jews, because the Hebrew texts closely replicate, in contents as well as in layout and presentation, the Latin liturgical calendars, which in many cases the Hebrew scribes must have used directly as base texts. Knowledge of the Christian calendar was essential to Jews for dating documents, especially (but not exclusively) those intended for Christians, for understanding dates in documents, for scheduling business or other meetings with Christians, and in short, for effectively coordinating their socio-economic activities with the rhythms and structure of Christian medieval life.

‘On herself and all her property’: women's economic activities in late-medieval Ghent

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHENNAN HUTTON
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Actual Practice ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Late Medieval

This article analyses the economic activities of urban Flemish women in actual practice, using contracts and court judgements from the mid-fourteenth-century registers of the aldermen of Ghent. These ‘acts’ show that women routinely invested and managed their own property without male representatives and that distinctions of marital status were often far less significant in medieval Ghent than elsewhere in northern Europe. Another conceptualization of the scope of women's economic activity also existed at the time, in which men acted for women, but it was not the dominant norm in mid-fourteenth-century Ghent.

TRADITIONAL OUTBUILDINGS OF THE MORDOVIANS

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena N. Mokshina ◽  
Mihail I. Svyatkin
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Main Building ◽  
Genetic Problem ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Functional Purpose

Introduction. The article deals with the main traditional outbuildings of the Mordvinians, reported on their functional purpose in economic activity. The forms and types of outbuildings, as well as the main building materials used by Mordvinians are described in details. Their significance in the religious and ceremonial life of the ethnic group is shown. Materials and Methods. The research is based on traditional methods of ethnographic science, such as field observation, survey and interviews, and a comprehensive approach. Among the methods of historical science comparative-historical, historical-genetic, problem-chronological, structural-system were used. Among the general scientific methods of research logical, descriptive, narrative, generalization, classification and systematization were involved. To achieve the results of the study, the materials collected by the authors in the course of field surveys conducted in the Mordovian villages were mainly used. Results and Discussion. Traditional outbuildings were of great importance in the economic activity of the Mordovian ethnic group. According to their functional purpose, they can be divided into the following groups: for livestock and poultry (stable, chicken coop, stable, kalda), sanitary and hygienic (bath), warehouse buildings for storage of food, utensils, firewood, animal feed (barn, cellar, woodshed, hayloft), for processing of grain (sheep, riga, mill). Depending on the welfare and financial capacity of the family, the number of outbuildings was different. As a rule, the wealthier families had more outbuildings than the less wealthier ones. The main building material for the construction of these buildings was wood. Conclusion. Thus, the traditional outbuildings of the Mordvinians occupied an important place in its economic activities. At the same time, each of them had its own purpose and performed certain functions. Some buildings, such as a bath and a barn, had not only economic purpose, but also were the venue for a number of prayers and ceremonies. It is now ordinarily they have banya (bath-house), outdoor courtyard with standing in different places sheds, barn and cellar.

A Mathematical Turn

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Oosterhoff
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
University Reform ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Nicholas Of Cusa ◽  
Devotio Moderna ◽  
Court Politics ◽  
Spiritual Reform ◽  
The University

Lefèvre described his own mathematical turn as a kind of conversion. This chapter explains what motivated his turn to mathematics, considering the place of mathematics in fifteenth-century Paris in relation to court politics and Lefèvre’s own connections to Italian humanists. But more importantly, Lefèvre’s attitude to learning and the propaedeutic value of mathematics drew on the context of late medieval spiritual reform, with its emphasis on conversion and care of the soul. In particular, Lefèvre’s turn to university reform seems to have responded to the works of Ramon Lull, alongside the devotio moderna and Nicholas of Cusa, which he printed in important collections. With such influences, Lefèvre chose the university as the site for intellectual reform.

Public and Private: The Late Medieval Wall Paintings of Haddon Hall Chapel, Derbyshire

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 179-205
Author(s):  
Mellie Naydenova
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Public Statement ◽  
The Public ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
Public Persona ◽  
Private Devotion

This paper focuses on the mural scheme executed in Haddon Hall Chapel shortly after 1427 for Sir Richard Vernon. It argues that at that time the chapel was also being used as a parish church, and that the paintings were therefore both an expression of private devotion and a public statement. This is reflected in their subject matter, which combines themes associated with popular beliefs, the public persona of the Hall's owner and the Vernon family's personal devotions. The remarkable inventiveness and complexity of the iconography is matched by the exceptionally sophisticated style of the paintings. Attention is also given to part of the decoration previously thought to be contemporary with this fifteenth-century scheme but for which an early sixteenth-century date is now proposed on the basis of stylistic and other evidence.

Archaeology and Sigillography in Northern Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-238
Author(s):  
Michael Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Northern Europe ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Seal Impressions

Medieval seals, traditionally considered from the perspective of their documentary function, may also be studied as archaeological artefacts. Pilgrim badges were seal-shaped, and seal matrices and seal impressions can be found on church bells, in altars, and in burial sites. The context in which matrices are excavated provides valuable information on the practices of sealing and on the values attached to seals. This article also reveals a hitherto undescribed late medieval practice whereby papal and Scandinavian royal correspondents exchanged seal matrices.

scholarly journals El perfil de las elites pecheras en los concejos bajomedievales: prácticas y trayectorias. Piedrahíta en el siglo XV

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e038
Author(s):  
Rocío Bello Gay
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Late Medieval

El estudio de la documentación concejil de Piedrahíta da cuenta de la creciente consolidación de miembros provenientes del estamento pechero que a lo largo del siglo XV ocupan cargos políticos y de gestión tanto a nivel urbano como a nivel rural, al mismo tiempo que desarrollan procesos de acumulación de distinto tipo. El seguimiento de algunas de las figuras destacadas de los no privilegiados permite aportar a la caracterización de las prácticas, estrategias y trayectorias de dichos sectores en los siglos bajomedievales. Palabras claves: elites pecheras-prácticas-trayectorias- Piedrahíta-Siglo XV Title: The profile of the elites pecheras in the late medieval councils: practices and trajectories. Piedrahíta in the Fifteenth Century.

East Anglian Margarets: Lydgate, Bokenham, and the Harley 4012 compiler

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Dresvina
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
John Lydgate ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Osbern Bokenham ◽  
Three Lives

Given that the cult of St Margaret was particularly strong in the East Anglian region (a quarter of all church dedications to St Margaret in England are found in Norfolk and Margaret was the most popular late-medieval name in that region), it is unsurprising that fifteenth-century East Anglia engendered three lives of St Margaret, commissioned by local patrons: by John Lydgate, by Osbern Bokenham, and by a compiler of MS BL Harley 4012, which used to belong to Anne Harling of East Harling. Chapter 6 discusses their sources, context, patrons, special features, and manuscripts.

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