We make this path by walking: The practices and principles of the First International Working-Class Academics Conference

The values of an academic conference might best be defined by the themes of that conference, the disciplines covered and the intended level of delegation. In almost every case we had experienced as a working-class academics organizing group, these were only surface changes, and the entire conference process remained the same across disciplines. Such academic process and practice appear rooted in an archaic series of expectations and conventions that insist on a certain way of being in the Academy. To create an inclusive space in practice and process that goes beyond inclusion as merely themes, but exclusion as actual practice, took reimagining. This article outlines the ways in which we attempted to shift beyond the conventional to create an alternative conference approach that challenged exclusion, actively sought meaningful inclusion and disrupted a culture of conformity. Our focus was on working class academics, as a body of people huge in number, diverse in background but continually obscured in language, policy and practice.

Conflict Mobilization in Russian Social Media Communities As an Actual Practice of Protest Communication: Collective and Personal Dimension

From the standpoint of communicative approach conflict mobilization is considered in the article as an actual practice of protest communication in modern Russia. The parameters of the collective-personal dimension of conflict mobilization in the most popular social networks among Russian users: VKontakte, Odnoklassniki, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook are presented. Major forms of social group members online participation in protest actions, interaction means of conflict mobilization communities and the formation of Internet solidarity have been characterized with such criteria as publication volume and frequency. Selective factual and emotional-psychological argumentation with elements of defamation of opponents is concluded to prevail in the communicative behavior of the addresser. Frequent implementation of phatic strategy through consolidating appeals to community members with elements of idealization and glorification of protest actors is revealed. The addresser's self-presentation strategy is noted to be applied rather rarely; it is actualized mainly through their identification with the collective position of the group and the mass addressee. It has been established that the addressee is characterized by active self-presentation through the presentation of a subjective position opposed to a mutual opponent, is distinguished by an appeal to ethical and emotional argumentation, a variety of phatic tactics. The article reveals the relevant language means of implementing the identified strategies, shows the features of the text structure of mobilization posts.

Perception and Practice of Blood Donation Among Medical Students in Southern Rajasthan, India

Introduction: Despite all efforts, there is a gap in the demand and supply of blood donation in India. Medical students play a crucial role in promoting and mobilizing blood donation among potential youth. The present study attempted to ascertain the knowledge, attitude, and practice as well as factors associated with actual blood donation among medical students at various stages of their studies. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted during May-June 2021using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire through Google form among 346 medical students representing first, second and third-year MBBS. The aggregate scores for knowledge and attitude worked out for each student and analyzed for gender effect, actual practice, a correlation between knowledge and attitude score, and factors contributing to it using z- test, correlation coefficient test, and chi-square test respectively. Results: The blood donation by students was found significantly associated with sex, age, and phases of the MBBS curriculum (p<0.05). The mean attitude score of female students (6.90) was higher compared to male students (6.60). There was a significant correlation (r=0.371) between the overall knowledge and attitude score of students towards blood donation. Conclusions: The gender, age, and phase of study of medical students are significant factors contributing to actual blood donation. The higher attitude of female students could not be transformed into the actual practice of blood donation. Special efforts are required to enthuse medical students in general and female students in particular towards blood donation.

Different Forms of the Historiography of Philosophy

This chapter discusses the different forms of the historiography of philosophy. Among the large variety of projects and enterprises that are pursued under the heading ‘history of philosophy’ there are, in particular, three which deserve to be distinguished. These are ‘philosophical doxography’, ‘philosophical history of philosophy’, and ‘historical history of philosophy’. The conceptual or ideal difference between the three enterprises is clear enough if one looks at the history of the historiography of philosophy. Up to the end of the eighteenth century, concern with the history of philosophy is almost exclusively doxographical. But the assumptions on which the doxography of the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries rests come to be questioned at the end of the eighteenth century, and their rejection gives rise, in the final decade of the eighteenth century, to the philosophical history of philosophy. This in turn rests on very strong philosophical assumptions concerning the history of philosophy. And so its principles come to be questioned in the first half of the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, all three enterprises continue to be pursued in one form or another. And for a variety of reasons, there is little awareness of their difference and they tend in actual practice to shade into each other and to be confused, though in principle they are quite different.

An evaluation of some aspects of the educational value of the Dominion Museum's school service in the Wellington City area

It was realised at the outset of this work that it would be very difficult to attempt a scientific and concrete evaluation of all the results which had been achieved by the Dominion Museum's Educational work. (Throughout this thesis the word 'museum' is to be taken as referring to the Dominion Museum's Educational work, unless it is specifically stated as not so doing.) There must be so many intangible results which by their very nature defy measurement, that any attempt to do so would be foredoomed to failure. Nevertheless such material as has been obtained by the use of objective scales of measurement does seem to me to contain some results of value.<br><br>While I have already a cknowledged to the people concerned my indebtedness to them; I feel that I must express again in this final result my deep gratitude to:<br><br>The pupils who provided the ma terial on which results were based, Teachers and Headmasters who co-operated, Mr Stannard and Miss Lawson of the Dominion Museum,<br>Mr Lopdell and Training college students for their help in distributing and collecting the questionnaires, and all the other people who in any way gave assistance.<br><br>The investigation was originally planned on a somewhat larger scale than is set down here, but in actual practice it was found that the work involved in what was eventually completed was quite sufficient.

An evaluation of some aspects of the educational value of the Dominion Museum's school service in the Wellington City area

It was realised at the outset of this work that it would be very difficult to attempt a scientific and concrete evaluation of all the results which had been achieved by the Dominion Museum's Educational work. (Throughout this thesis the word 'museum' is to be taken as referring to the Dominion Museum's Educational work, unless it is specifically stated as not so doing.) There must be so many intangible results which by their very nature defy measurement, that any attempt to do so would be foredoomed to failure. Nevertheless such material as has been obtained by the use of objective scales of measurement does seem to me to contain some results of value.<br><br>While I have already a cknowledged to the people concerned my indebtedness to them; I feel that I must express again in this final result my deep gratitude to:<br><br>The pupils who provided the ma terial on which results were based, Teachers and Headmasters who co-operated, Mr Stannard and Miss Lawson of the Dominion Museum,<br>Mr Lopdell and Training college students for their help in distributing and collecting the questionnaires, and all the other people who in any way gave assistance.<br><br>The investigation was originally planned on a somewhat larger scale than is set down here, but in actual practice it was found that the work involved in what was eventually completed was quite sufficient.

‘In the hope to have judged a good sentence as merchants’

Summary Arbitration is a form of conflict resolution that was popular in commercial disputes in medieval times. Its informal nature and ability to mediate the shortcomings of the formal courts have made it the supreme example of merchants solving their own disputes. However, there has been relatively little inquiry into its actual practice. This article investigates the functions and practice of arbitration in medieval Bruges, where arbitration was frequently used as a form of conflict resolution. This was not because merchants preferred extra-judicial proceedings, but because arbitration was a necessary procedure to deal with the shortcomings of the judicial framework of the aldermen of Bruges. Arbitration was exercised as a specific consequence of the context in which Bruges found itself in the second half of the fifteenth century. This context, however, also undermined the procedure. The ambivalent attitude of the Bruges aldermen towards arbitration and its impossibility to appeal allowed some undertaking merchants to use the procedure to their own benefit, and not necessarily to the benefit of commerce.

Gender Roles in the Millennium: Who Pays and Is Expected to Pay for Romantic Dates?

Research on monetary decisions and behaviors in dating relationships is very limited. The purpose of this study was to examine college students’ current practice and expectations for date payment for first and subsequent romantic dates in the framework of gender role theory. A sample of 552 heterosexual college students took an online survey that included questions about their actual and expected payment for their first and subsequent dates. Participants also completed several measures regarding their gender roles. The findings indicated that traditional gender norms in dating continue to be popular in the new millennium because in actual practice, men almost always paid the whole bill of the first dates and paid more for subsequent dates. When asked who should pay for the dates, participants also expected men to pay more for first and subsequent dates. Women did show some willingness to share date expenses, although nowhere close to be completely even. The findings also indicated that gender role attitudes played little role in actual practice but had a stronger role in date payment expectations, showing that individuals subscribing to traditional gender inequality views tended to believe that men should pay more for dates.

The Kitāb al-ʿIlm of al-Bukhārī: A Handbook on Knowledge

The Kitāb al-ʿIlm of al-Bukhārī (d. 256/870), positioned at the beginning of his Ṣaḥīḥ, represents an innovative turn in terms of structural arrangement and thematic discourse within the context of “books” and narratives on knowledge (ʿilm). Al-Bukhārī’s construction of ʿilm differs from preceding discussions and reveals a unique portrayal. I suggest that the early interdependence between ʿilm-ḥadīth and adab conveyed by al-Bukhārī echoes the Kitab al-Adab written by his teacher, Ibn Abī Shayba (d. 235/849). In light of understanding this intertextual dynamic, I will compare earlier ʿilm narratives with particular themes introduced by al-Bukhārī. Similarly, I will discuss how the early correlation between knowledge and education helped motivate his authorial intent, concluding that the Kitāb al-ʿIlm represents an original, technical and pedagogical work of taḥammul al-ʿilm, the actual practice of teaching knowledge.

Nurses’ Awareness and Actual Nursing Practice Situation of Stroke Care in Acute Stroke Units: A Japanese Cross-Sectional Web-Based Questionnaire Survey

The awareness of care provided by stroke care unit (SCU) nurses in Japan to patients with an acute cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and the characteristic differences in their actual nursing practice were evaluated. A cross-sectional web-based questionnaire survey was administered to 1040 SCU nurses. Data collection and reporting procedures followed the STROBE Statement Checklist for cross-sectional studies. Exploratory factor analysis, using 52 observation items, identified eight factors with a factor loading > 0.4. For all factors, the actual practice was significantly lower than the awareness of the importance of nursing care for patients with acute CVA. Awareness and actual practice of recognition of patients’ physical changes (RPPCs) were high. The actual practice of RPPCs and preventing the worsening of acute stroke and related symptoms varied, depending on years of experience in acute phase stroke care. RPPCs in actual practice had a significantly higher score among certified nurses or certified nurse specialists. Their awareness of the importance of collaborating with therapists was low. On-the-job training can improve nurses’ competence and prevent worsening conditions in patients with CVA. An emphasis on enhancing practice experience toward patients with acute CVA and facilitating the deployment of certified nurses in SCUs can improve nursing care practice.