scholarly journals Multiple insecticide resistance target sites in adult field strains of An. gambiae (s.l.) from southeastern Senegal

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
El hadji Diouf ◽  
El hadji Amadou Niang ◽  
Badara Samb ◽  
Cheikh Tidiane Diagne ◽  
Mbaye Diouf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Insecticide Susceptibility ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides

Abstract Background High coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the cornerstones of vector control strategy in Senegal where insecticide resistance by the target vectors species is a great of concern. This study explores insecticide susceptibility profile and target-site mutations mechanisms within the Anophelesgambiae complex in southeastern Senegal. Methods Larvae of Anopheles spp. were collected in two sites from southeastern Senegal Kedougou and Wassadou/Badi in October and November 2014, and reared until adult emergence. Wild F0 adult mosquitoes were morphologically identified to species. Susceptibility of 3–5-day-old An. gambiae (s.l.) samples to 11 insecticides belonging to the four insecticide classes was assessed using the WHO insecticide susceptibility bioassays. Tested samples were identified using molecular techniques and insecticide resistance target-site mutations (kdr, ace-1 and rdl) were determined. Results A total of 3742 An.gambiae (s.l.) were exposed to insecticides (2439 from Kedougou and 1303 from Wassadou-Badi). Tests with pyrethroid insecticides and DDT showed high level of resistance in both Kedougou and Wassadou/Badi. Resistance to pirimiphos-methyl and malathion was not detected while resistance to bendoicarb and fenitrothion was confirmed in Kedougou. Of the 745 specimens of An.gambiae (s.l.) genotyped, An.gambiae (s.s.) (71.6%) was the predominant species, followed by An.arabiensis (21.7%), An.coluzzii (6.3%) and hybrids (An. gambiae (s.s.)/An.coluzzii; 0.4%). All target site mutations investigated (Vgsc-1014F, Vgsc-1014S, Ace-1 and Rdl) were found at different frequencies in the species of the Anophelesgambiae complex. Vgsc-1014F mutation was more frequent in An.gambiae (s.s.) and An.coluzzii than An.arabiensis. Vgsc-1014S was present in An.gambiae (s.l.) populations in Wassadou but not in Kedougou. Ace-1 and rdl mutations were more frequent in An.gambiae (s.s.) in comparison to An.arabiensis and An.coluzzii. Conclusions Resistance to all the four insecticide classes tested was detected in southeastern Senegal as well as all target site mutations investigated were found. Data will be used by the national Malaria Control Programme.

scholarly journals Multiple insecticide resistance target sites in adult field strains of An. gambiae (s.l.) from southeastern Senegal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
El hadji Diouf ◽  
El hadji Amadou Niang ◽  
Badara Samb ◽  
Cheikh Tidiane Diagne ◽  
Mbaye Diouf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Insecticide Susceptibility ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides

Abstract Background: High coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the cornerstones of vector control strategy in Senegal where insecticide resistance by the target vectors species is a great of concern. This study explore insecticide susceptibility profile and target-site mutations mechanisms within the Anopheles gambiae complex in southeastern Senegal. Methods: Anopheles larvae were collected from Kedougou and Wassadou/Badi, two sites from southeastern Senegal, in October and November 2014, and reared until adult emergence. Wild Fo Adults mosquitoes were morphologically identified to species. Susceptibility of 3-5-day old An. gambiae (s. l.) samples to eleven (11) insecticides belonging to the four insecticide classes was assessed using WHO insecticide susceptibility bioassays. Tested samples were identified using molecular techniques as well as detection of insecticide resistance target-site mutations (kdr, ace-1 and rdl).Results: A total of 3,742 An. gambiae (s.l.) were exposed to insecticides (2,439 from Kedougou and 1,303 from Wassadou-Badi). Tests with pyrethroid insecticides and DDT showed high level of resistance in both Kedougou and Wassadou/Badi. Pirimiphos-methyl and Malathion resistance were not detected while Bendoicarb and Fenitrothion resistance were confirmed in Kedougou. Of the 745 specimens of An. gambiae (s.l.) genotyped, An. gambiae (s.s.) (71.6%) was the predominant species, followed by An. arabiensis (21.7%), An. coluzzii (6.3%) and hybrids (An. gambiae (s.s.) /An. coluzzii; 0.4%). All target site mutations investigated (Vgsc-1014F; Vgsc-1014S, Ace-1 and Rdl) were found at different frequencies in the species of the Anopheles gambiae (s.l.). Vgsc-1014F mutation is more frequent in An. gambiae and An. coluzzii than An. arabiensis. Vgsc-1014S was present in An. gambiae (s.l.) populations in Wassadou but not in Kedougou. Ace-1 and rdl mutations were more frequent in An. gambiae (s.s.) in comparison to An. arabiensis and An. coluzzii. Conclusions: Resistance to all the four insecticide classes tested was detected in southeastern Senegal as well as all target site mutations investigated were found. Data will be used by the national Malaria Control Programme.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Malaria Control Programme in Zambia

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Chanda ◽  
Mulakwa Kamuliwo ◽  
Richard W. Steketee ◽  
Michael B. Macdonald ◽  
Olusegun Babaniyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
National Development ◽  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
The Government

The Zambian national malaria control programme has made great progress in the fight against Malaria. The country has solid, consistent, and coordinated policies, strategies, and guidelines for malaria control, with government prioritizing malaria in both the National Health Strategic Plan and the National Development Plan. This has translated into high coverage of proven and effective key preventive, curative, and supportive interventions with concomitant marked reduction in both malaria cases and deaths. The achievements attained can be attributed to increased advocacy, communication and behaviour changes, efficient partnership coordination including strong community engagement, increased financial resources, and evidence-based deployment of key technical interventions in accordance with the national malaria control programme policy and strategic direction. The three-ones strategy has been key for increased and successful public-private sector partner coordination, strengthening, and mobilization. However, maintaining the momentum and the gains is critical as the programme strives to achieve universal coverage of evidence-based and proven interventions. The malaria control programme’s focus is to maintain the accomplishments, by mobilizing more resources and partners, increasing the government funding towards malaria control, scaling up and directing interventions based on epidemiological evidence, and strengthen active malaria surveillance and response to reduce transmission and to begin considering elimination.

scholarly journals Malaria vectors diversity, insecticide resistance and transmission during the rainy season in peri-urban villages of south-western Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieudonné Diloma Soma ◽  
Serge Bèwadéyir Poda ◽  
Aristide Sawdetuo Hien ◽  
Moussa Namountougou ◽  
Ibrahim Sangaré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Organophosphate Insecticide ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Entomological Data

Abstract Background This study reports an updated description on malaria vector diversity, behaviour, insecticide resistance and malaria transmission in the Diébougou and Dano peri-urban areas, Burkina Faso. Methods Mosquitoes were caught monthly using CDC light traps and pyrethrum spray catches. Mosquitoes were identified using morphological taxonomic keys. PCR techniques were used to identify the species of the Anopheles gambiae complex and insecticide resistance mechanisms in a subset of Anopheles vectors. The Plasmodium sporozoite infection status and origins of blood meals of female mosquitoes were determined by ELISA methods. Larvae were collected, breed in the insectary and tested for phenotypic resistance against four insecticides using WHO bioassays. Results This study contributed to update the entomological data in two peri-urban areas of Southwest Burkina Faso. Anopheles populations were mostly anthropophilic and endophilic in both areas and exhibit high susceptibility to an organophosphate insecticide. This offers an alternative for the control of these pyrethroid-resistant populations. These data might help the National Malaria Control Programme for decision-making about vector control planning and resistance management. Conclusions This study contributed to update the entomological data in two peri-urban areas of Southwest Burkina Faso. Anopheles populations were mostly anthropophilic and endophilic in both areas and exhibit high susceptibility to an organophosphate insecticide. This offers an alternative for the control of these pyrethroid-resistant populations. These data might help the National Malaria Control Programme for decision-making about vector control planning and resistance management.

scholarly journals Insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Mamfene, KwaZulu-Natal

2015 ◽  
Vol Volume 111 (Number 11/12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Basil D. Brooke ◽  
Leanne Robertson ◽  
Maria L. Kaiser ◽  
Eric Raswiswi ◽  
Givemore Munhenga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Outdoor Resting

Abstract The control of malaria vector mosquitoes in South Africa’s affected provinces is primarily based on indoor spraying of long-lasting residual insecticides. The primary vectors in South Africa are Anopheles arabiensis and An. funestus. South Africa’s National Malaria Control Programme has adopted a malaria elimination agenda and has scaled up vector control activities accordingly. However, despite these plans, local transmission continues and is most likely because of outdoor feeding by populations of An. arabiensis. An outdoor Anopheles surveillance system has been set up in three sections of the Mamfene district in northern KwaZulu- Natal in order to assess the extent of outdoor resting An. arabiensis in Mamfene and to assess the current insecticide susceptibility status of this population. According to WHO criteria, the An. arabiensis samples tested showed evidence of resistance to deltamethrin (pyrethroid), DDT (organochlorine) and bendiocarb (carbamate), and full susceptibility to the organophosphates pirimiphos-methyl and fenitrothion. Pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide completely nullified the deltamethrin resistance otherwise evident in these samples, supporting previous studies implicating monooxygenase-based detoxification as the primary mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. The data presented here affirm the presence of pyrethroid and DDT resistance previously detected in this population and also indicate the comparatively recent emergence of resistance to the carbamate insecticide bendiocarb. These data show that special attention and commitment needs to be given to the principles of insecticide resistance management as well as to investigations into alternative control techniques designed to target outdoor-resting An. arabiensis in northern KwaZulu-Natal.

scholarly journals Therapeutic efficacy of artemether–lumefantrine and artesunate–amodiaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mali, 2015–2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssouf Diarra ◽  
Oumar Koné ◽  
Lansana Sangaré ◽  
Lassina Doumbia ◽  
Dade Bouye Ben Haidara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Uncomplicated Malaria ◽  
Artemisinin Resistance ◽  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Background The current first-line treatments for uncomplicated malaria recommended by the National Malaria Control Programme in Mali are artemether–lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate–amodiaquine (ASAQ). From 2015 to 2016, an in vivo study was carried out to assess the clinical and parasitological responses to AL and ASAQ in Sélingué, Mali. Methods Children between 6 and 59 months of age with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection and 2000–200,000 asexual parasites/μL of blood were enrolled, randomly assigned to either AL or ASAQ, and followed up for 42 days. Uncorrected and PCR-corrected efficacy results at days 28 and 42. were calculated. Known markers of resistance in the Pfk13, Pfmdr1, and Pfcrt genes were assessed using Sanger sequencing. Results A total of 449 patients were enrolled: 225 in the AL group and 224 in the ASAQ group. Uncorrected efficacy at day 28 was 83.4% (95% CI 78.5–88.4%) in the AL arm and 93.1% (95% CI 89.7–96.5%) in the ASAQ arm. The per protocol PCR-corrected efficacy at day 28 was 91.0% (86.0–95.9%) in the AL arm and 97.1% (93.6–100%) in the ASAQ arm. ASAQ was significantly (p < 0.05) better than AL for each of the aforementioned efficacy outcomes. No mutations associated with artemisinin resistance were identified in the Pfk13 gene. Overall, for Pfmdr1, the N86 allele and the NFD haplotype were the most common. The NFD haplotype was significantly more prevalent in the post-treatment than in the pre-treatment isolates in the AL arm (p < 0.01) but not in the ASAQ arm. For Pfcrt, the CVIET haplotype was the most common. Conclusions The findings indicate that both AL and ASAQ remain effective for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Sélingué, Mali.

scholarly journals Knowledge and practices towards malaria amongst residents of Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga, South Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khumbulani W. Hlongwana ◽  
Alpheus Zitha ◽  
Aaron M. Mabuza ◽  
Rajendra Maharaj
Keyword(s):  
Health Facility ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Treatment Seeking ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Heads

Background: Malaria remains one of the greatest public health challenges worldwide and it is amongst the top killers in sub-Saharan Africa. There is however, a general scepticism about the accuracy of Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) in recording all the episodes of malaria in Africa. Given the importance of community knowledge of malaria, its signs and symptoms, as well as prompt treatment-seeking behaviour, the study assessing adult residents’ knowledge and practices in Bushbuckridge provided much needed insights into the Malaria Control Programme (MCP). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the adult residents’ knowledge and practices towards malaria in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.Method: The study was undertaken as a descriptive cross-sectional survey in Bushbuckridge in August 2008. Six hundred and two (602) household heads or their proxies from the randomly selected households in 20 localities were interviewed (one household member per household), using a structured field-piloted questionnaire.Results: Approximately 93% of the respondents had heard about malaria, 84.6% of whom correctly associated it with mosquito bites. The health facility (29.1%) and radio (19.8%) were the main sources of malaria information. Knowledge of signs and symptoms was low, whilst treatment-seeking intention at the health facility was high (99%) with 82% of which would be carried out promptly. Survey data showed an indoor residual spraying (IRS) coverage of approximately 70% and a good understanding of the reasons for spraying. Walls were replastered infrequently and no evidence was established linking it to the removal of insecticide marks on the wall.Conclusion: The study revealed not only that householders possessed an adequate knowledge of malaria, but also that they had positive malaria treatment-seeking intentions. Their knowledge of malaria signs and symptoms was inadequate and required attention. Whilst IRS coverage needed some improvements, the reasons for IRS were well known.

scholarly journals Long-term Transmission Patterns and Public Health Policies Leading to Malaria Elimination in Panamá

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisbeth Hurtado ◽  
Alberto Cumbreras ◽  
Chystrie Rigg ◽  
Milixa Perea ◽  
Ana María Santamaría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Malaria Control Programme

Abstract Background: The present study provides a countrywide perspective of the malaria situation in Panama over a long-term framework, with the purpose of identifying historical malaria resurgence events and their potential causes.Methods: A descriptive-ecological study was conducted by analyzing demographic and epidemiological annual malaria time series data in Panamá (1884 – 2019) using several data sources. Malaria intensity indicators were calculated during the study period. We also analyze the effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation on malaria transmission using a retrospective analysis of malaria cases between 1957 and 2019.Results: Several factors were identified responsible for malaria resurgence in Panama, mostly related with Malaria Control Programme weakening. During the past 20 years (2000 – 2019) malaria has progressively increased its prevalence within indigenous settlements, with a predominance of male cases and a high proportion (15% of total cases) in children less than 5 years old. During this period a significant and increasing proportion of the P. falciparum total cases were imported. Our retrospective analysis (1957 - 2019) evidenced that ENSO has a significant impact on malaria transmission dynamics in Panama.Conclusions: Data analysis confirmed that although authorities have been successful in focalizing malaria transmission in the country, there are still neglected issues to be solved and important intercultural barriers that need to be addressed in order to achieve elimination of the disease by 2022. This information will be useful for targeting strategies by the National Malaria Control Programme.

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