scholarly journals Entomological characterization of Aedes mosquitoes and arbovirus detection in Ibagué, a Colombian city with co-circulation of Zika, dengue and chikungunya viruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María C. Carrasquilla ◽  
Mario I. Ortiz ◽  
Cielo León ◽  
Silvia Rondón ◽  
Manisha A. Kulkarni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Mosquito Density ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Virus Serotype ◽  
Serotype 1

Abstract Background Dengue, Zika and chikungunya are arboviruses of significant public health importance that are transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. In Colombia, where dengue is hyperendemic, and where chikungunya and Zika were introduced in the last decade, more than half of the population lives in areas at risk. The objective of this study was to characterize Aedes spp. vectors and study their natural infection with dengue, Zika and chikungunya in Ibagué, a Colombian city and capital of the department of Tolima, with case reports of simultaneous circulation of these three arboviruses. Methods Mosquito collections were carried out monthly between June 2018 and May 2019 in neighborhoods with different levels of socioeconomic status. We used the non-parametric Friedman, Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests to compare mosquito density distributions. We applied logistic regression analyses to identify associations between mosquito density and absence/presence of breeding sites, and the Spearman correlation coefficient to analyze the possible relationship between climatic variables and mosquito density. Results We collected Ae. aegypti in all sampled neighborhoods and found for the first time Ae. albopictus in the city of Ibagué. A greater abundance of mosquitoes was collected in neighborhoods displaying low compared to high socioeconomic status as well as in the intradomicile compared to the peridomestic space. Female mosquitoes predominated over males, and most of the test females had fed on human blood. In total, four Ae. aegypti pools (3%) were positive for dengue virus (serotype 1) and one pool for chikungunya virus (0.8%). Interestingly, infected females were only collected in neighborhoods of low socioeconomic status, and mostly in the intradomicile space. Conclusions We confirmed the co-circulation of dengue (serotype 1) and chikungunya viruses in the Ae. aegypti population in Ibagué. However, Zika virus was not detected in any mosquito sample, 3 years after its introduction into the country. The positivity for dengue and chikungunya viruses, predominance of mosquitoes in the intradomicile space and the high proportion of females fed on humans highlight the high risk for arbovirus transmission in Ibagué, but may also provide an opportunity for establishing effective control strategies. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals The pertussis enigma: reconciling epidemiology, immunology and evolution

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1822) ◽  
pp. 20152309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Domenech de Cellès ◽  
Felicia M. G. Magpantay ◽  
Aaron A. King ◽  
Pejman Rohani
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Simple Explanation ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Pertussis Epidemiology

Pertussis, a highly contagious respiratory infection, remains a public health priority despite the availability of vaccines for 70 years. Still a leading cause of mortality in developing countries, pertussis has re-emerged in several developed countries with high vaccination coverage. Resurgence of pertussis in these countries has routinely been attributed to increased awareness of the disease, imperfect vaccinal protection or high infection rates in adults. In this review, we first present 1980–2012 incidence data from 63 countries and show that pertussis resurgence is not universal. We further argue that the large geographical variation in trends probably precludes a simple explanation, such as the transition from whole-cell to acellular pertussis vaccines. Reviewing available evidence, we then propose that prevailing views on pertussis epidemiology are inconsistent with both historical and contemporary data. Indeed, we summarize epidemiological evidence showing that natural infection and vaccination both appear to provide long-term protection against transmission and disease, so that previously infected or vaccinated adults contribute little to overall transmission at a population level. Finally, we identify several promising avenues that may lead to a consistent explanation of global pertussis epidemiology and to more effective control strategies.

scholarly journals Epidemiologic profile and social determinant of COVID-19 in Macapá, Amapá, Amazon, Brazil

2020 ◽  
pp. 05-26
Author(s):  
Anderson Walter Costa Silva ◽  
Arthur Arantes Cunha ◽  
Giovana Carvalho Alves ◽  
Rodolfo Antônio Corona ◽  
Claudio Alberto Gellis de Mattos Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Social Determinant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The North ◽  
First Case ◽  
Health Organization

In late December 2019, in Wuhan 2019, in Wuhan, China, a cluster of new cases of coronavirus emerged which capable of producing severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), The World Health Organization (WHO) declared it worldwide public health emergency. The airway tropism was presumed to be due to the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In the North region of Brazil, to date, the state of Amazonas had 26 confirmed cases; Acre 11 cases; Pará 04; Rondônia 03; Roraima and Tocantins 02 cases; and Amapá only 01 confirmed cases. We have quantified and analyzed suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Macapá, Amapá, Amazonia, which is the first case reports of this region, Brazil. This is an observational, retrospective and quantitative study, referring to the profile of the 108 first suspected cases notified in Macapá, between March 13, 2020, and March 21, 2020, and we attempted to the extrapolate of the incidence of COVID-19 in the 26 Brazilian capitals and Brasília, Federal District, between February 26, 2020, and March 26, 2020. The studies carried out may reveal a pattern of spread of the virus in the community, which warrants the planning and implementation of more effective control strategies and epidemiological surveillance measures. Keywords: COVID 19, ACE2, coronavirus, pandemic.

scholarly journals Pertussis Reinfection in an Adult: A Cause of Persistent Cough Not to Be Ignored

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theocharis Koufakis ◽  
Anastasia Paschala ◽  
Dimitrios Siapardanis
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Clinical Suspicion ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Persistent Cough ◽  
Appropriate Therapy

Pertussis is traditionally considered as a disease of the childhood; however, accumulating evidence suggests a stable increase of its incidence among adults and adolescents, during the last decades. Despite the fact that reinfection after natural disease or vaccination is not uncommon, the index of clinical suspicion of pertussis diagnosis in adults remains low. In this article, we report a case of pertussis reinfection 30 years after natural infection, which was complicated by pneumonia, and we discuss our diagnostic and therapeutic approach, aiming to raise clinicians’ degree of suspicion regarding pertussis diagnosis in adults. Prompt recognition and appropriate therapy of adult patients can result in the effective control of the symptoms, prevention of severe complications, and spread of the infection to children; thus, they are of great clinical and public health importance.

Tomorrow never knows: Paradoxical effects of a future prime on performance among low socioeconomic status college students

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Dayle Herrmann ◽  
Jessica Bodford ◽  
Robert Adelman ◽  
Oliver Graudejus ◽  
Morris Okun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Paradoxical Effects

scholarly journals Home Language and Literacy Environments and Early Literacy Trajectories of Low‐Socioeconomic Status Chilean Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 2042-2062
Author(s):  
Susana Mendive ◽  
Mayra Mascareño Lara ◽  
Daniela Aldoney ◽  
J. Carola Pérez ◽  
José P. Pezoa
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Early Literacy ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Home Language ◽  
Language And Literacy ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Literacy Environments

scholarly journals Association of socioeconomic status with medical assistance in dying: a case–control analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e043547
Author(s):  
Donald A Redelmeier ◽  
Kelvin Ng ◽  
Deva Thiruchelvam ◽  
Eldar Shafir
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Medical Assistance ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Medical Assistance In Dying ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Economic Constraints

ObjectivesEconomic constraints are a common explanation of why patients with low socioeconomic status tend to experience less access to medical care. We tested whether the decreased care extends to medical assistance in dying in a healthcare system with no direct economic constraints.DesignPopulation-based case–control study of adults who died.SettingOntario, Canada, between 1 June 2016 and 1 June 2019.PatientsPatients receiving palliative care under universal insurance with no user fees.ExposurePatient’s socioeconomic status identified using standardised quintiles.Main outcome measureWhether the patient received medical assistance in dying.ResultsA total of 50 096 palliative care patients died, of whom 920 received medical assistance in dying (cases) and 49 176 did not receive medical assistance in dying (controls). Medical assistance in dying was less frequent for patients with low socioeconomic status (166 of 11 008=1.5%) than for patients with high socioeconomic status (227 of 9277=2.4%). This equalled a 39% decreased odds of receiving medical assistance in dying associated with low socioeconomic status (OR=0.61, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.75, p<0.001). The relative decrease was evident across diverse patient groups and after adjusting for age, sex, home location, malignancy diagnosis, healthcare utilisation and overall frailty. The findings also replicated in a subgroup analysis that matched patients on responsible physician, a sensitivity analysis based on a different socioeconomic measure of low-income status and a confirmation study using a randomised survey design.ConclusionsPatients with low socioeconomic status are less likely to receive medical assistance in dying under universal health insurance. An awareness of this imbalance may help in understanding patient decisions in less extreme clinical settings.

scholarly journals Increased Total Cost and Lack of Diagnostic Utility for Emergency Department Visits After ACL Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 232596712110067
Author(s):  
Lambert T. Li ◽  
Carlin Chuck ◽  
Steven L. Bokshan ◽  
Brett D. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Acl Tear ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Background: Patients are commonly evaluated at the emergency department (ED) with acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, but providers without orthopaedics training may struggle to correctly diagnose these injuries. Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that few patients would be diagnosed with an ACL tear while in the ED and that these patients would be of lower socioeconomic status and more likely to have public insurance. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The 2017 State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Database (SASD) and State Emergency Department Database (SEDD) from the state of Florida were utilized in this study. Cases with Current Procedural Terminology code 29888 (arthroscopically aided ACL reconstruction [ACLR]) were selected from the SASD, and data from the SEDD were matched to patients who had an ED visit for a knee injury within 120 days before ACLR. Chi-square analysis was used to test for differences in patient and surgical variables between the ED visit and nonvisit patient groups. A generalized linear model was created to model the effect of ED visit on total cost for an ACL injury. Results: While controlling for differences in patient characteristics and concomitant procedure usage, a visit to the ED added $4587 in total cost ( P < .001). The ED visit cohort contained a greater proportion of patients with Medicaid (20.2% vs 9.1%), patients who were Black (18.4% vs 10.3%), and patients in the lowest income quartile (34.4% vs 25.0%) ( P < .001 for all). In the ED visit cohort, 14.4% of patients received an allograft versus 10.1% in the non-ED visit cohort ( P = .001) despite having a similar mean age. An ACL sprain was diagnosed in only 29 of the 645 (4.5%) patients who visited the ED. Conclusion: Utilizing the ED for care after an ACL injury was expensive, averaging a $4587 increase in total cost associated with ACLR. However, patients rarely left with a definitive diagnosis, with only 4.5% of patients who underwent ACLR being correctly diagnosed with an ACL tear in the ED. This additional cost was levied disproportionately on patients of low socioeconomic status and patients with Medicaid.

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