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Author(s):  
Samuel Moss

This is an introduction to a new concept of quantum gravity that seamlessly merges General Relativity to the Standard Model. Based upon a novel patent-pending magnetic confinement method that was designed to emulate how our sun confines and rotates charged particles about a singularity; this confinement method uses a collective of off-centered confinement coils that are directed to curve rotating charged particles about a singularity in a way that allows charged particles to relatively accelerate from geodesic deviation. With this confinement method, the subtle Relative Accelerated Energy (RAE) from deviating charged particles has the capability to be focused and exponentially increased relative to the mass-energy of a closed system; which allows for a simple pathway to understand how black holes operate at their singularities. While in the pursuit of proving that this novel method of confinement mimics how our sun operates; I was also able to develop a logical explanation of how our sun reverses its magnetic poles and cycles using the core principles of Michael Faraday. If this concept of quantum gravity is correct, there is a simple explanation for the additional observed gravitational force about the galaxies that are said to obtain dark matter. In short, this theory of quantum gravity has the potential to fully discredit the existence of theorized dark matter with a simple experiment.


Author(s):  
Afandi Afandi ◽  
Eko Sri Wahyuni ◽  
Tri Kristiana ◽  
Dery Athama Putra

<span lang="EN-US">Critical thinking, which involves higher order thinking activities (HOTS), is an important skill that has been widely discussed in the last two decades. This study aims to determine the profile of high school students' critical thinking skills on climate change and waste recycling. It is a quantitative descriptive study using an instrument developed based on indicators of critical thinking skills developed by Ennis in 1985, namely providing simple explanations, building basic skills, concluding, providing further explanations, and setting strategies and tactics. The study participants were 102 senior high school students in Pontianak Indonesia who were selected through the purposive sampling technique. The results show that the critical thinking abilities related to each indicator had highest scores of two aspects that is basic skills and drawing conclusions. The simple explanation indicator scored 59.42%; that of building basic skills 71.37%; that related to drawing conclusions 67.62%; the explanation indicator 42.44%; and the setting strategy and tactics indicators 66.87%. The conclusion is that students' critical thinking skills are only sufficient to poor category. </span>


Author(s):  
Samuel Moss

This is an introduction to a new concept of quantum gravity that seamlessly merges General Relativity to the Standard Model. Based upon a novel patent-pending magnetic confinement method that was designed to emulate how our sun confines and rotates charged particles about a singularity; this confinement method uses a collective of off-centered confinement coils that are directed to curve rotating charged particles about a singularity in a way that allows charged particles to relatively accelerate from geodesic deviation. With this confinement method, the subtle Relative Accelerated Energy (RAE) from deviating charged particles has the capability to be focused and exponentially increased relative to the mass-energy of a closed system; which allows for a simple pathway to understand how black holes operate at their singularities. While in the pursuit of proving that this novel method of confinement mimics how our sun operates; I was also able to develop a logical explanation of how our sun reverses its magnetic poles and cycles using the core principles of Michael Faraday. If this concept of quantum gravity is correct, there is a simple explanation for the additional observed gravitational force about the galaxies that are said to obtain dark matter. In short, this theory of quantum gravity has the potential to fully discredit the existence of theorized dark matter with a simple experiment.


Author(s):  
Maria Refinetti ◽  
Stéphane d'Ascoli ◽  
Ruben Ohana ◽  
Sebastian Goldt

Abstract Direct Feedback Alignment (DFA) is emerging as an eficient and biologically plausible alternative to backpropagation for training deep neural networks. Despite relying on random feedback weights for the backward pass, DFA successfully trains state-of-the-art models such as Transformers. On the other hand, it notoriously fails to train convolutional networks. An understanding of the inner workings of DFA to explain these diverging results remains elusive. Here, we propose a theory of feedback alignment algorithms. We ffrst show that learning in shallow networks proceeds in two steps: an alignment phase, where the model adapts its weights to align the approximate gradient with the true gradient of the loss function, is followed by a memorisation phase, where the model focuses on fftting the data. This two-step process has a degeneracy breaking eflect: out of all the low-loss solutions in the landscape, a network trained with DFA naturally converges to the solution which maximises gradient alignment. We also identify a key quantity underlying alignment in deep linear networks: the conditioning of the alignment matrices. The latter enables a detailed understanding of the impact of data structure on alignment, and suggests a simple explanation for the well-known failure of DFA to train convolutional neural networks. Numerical experiments on MNIST and CIFAR10 clearly demonstrate degeneracy breaking in deep non-linear networks and show that the align-then-memorize process occurs sequentially from the bottom layers of the network to the top.


Author(s):  
Samuel Moss

This is an introduction to a new concept of quantum gravity that seamlessly merges General Relativity to the Standard Model. Based upon a novel patent-pending magnetic confinement method that was designed to emulate how our sun confines and rotates charged particles about a singularity; this confinement method uses a collective of off-centered confinement coils that are directed to curve rotating charged particles about a singularity in a way that allows charged particles to relatively accelerate from geodesic deviation. With this confinement method, the subtle Relative Accelerated Energy (RAE) from deviating charged particles has the capability to be focused and exponentially increased relative to the mass-energy of a closed system; which allows for a simple pathway to understand how black holes operate at their singularities. While in the pursuit of proving that this novel method of confinement mimics how our sun operates; I was also able to develop a logical explanation of how our sun reverses its magnetic poles and cycles using the core principles of Michael Faraday. If this concept of quantum gravity is correct, there is a simple explanation for the additional observed gravitational force about the galaxies that are said to obtain dark matter. In short, this theory of quantum gravity has the potential to fully discredit the existence of theorized dark matter with a simple experiment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 923 (1) ◽  
pp. L16
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Clement ◽  
Sean N. Raymond ◽  
John E. Chambers

Abstract In spite of substantial advancements in simulating planet formation, the planet Mercury’s diminutive mass and isolated orbit and the absence of planets with shorter orbital periods in the solar system continue to befuddle numerical accretion models. Recent studies have shown that if massive embryos (or even giant planet cores) formed early in the innermost parts of the Sun’s gaseous disk, they would have migrated outward. This migration may have reshaped the surface density profile of terrestrial planet-forming material and generated conditions favorable to the formation of Mercury-like planets. Here we continue to develop this model with an updated suite of numerical simulations. We favor a scenario where Earth’s and Venus’s progenitor nuclei form closer to the Sun and subsequently sculpt the Mercury-forming region by migrating toward their modern orbits. This rapid formation of ∼0.5 M ⊕ cores at ∼0.1–0.5 au is consistent with modern high-resolution simulations of planetesimal accretion. In successful realizations, Earth and Venus accrete mostly dry, enstatite chondrite–like material as they migrate, thus providing a simple explanation for the masses of all four terrestrial planets, the inferred isotopic differences between Earth and Mars, and Mercury’s isolated orbit. Furthermore, our models predict that Venus’s composition should be similar to the Earth’s and possibly derived from a larger fraction of dry material. Conversely, Mercury analogs in our simulations attain a range of final compositions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Hendaus ◽  
Fatima A. Jomha

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has undergone numerous mutations since its initial identification, leading to challenges in controlling the pandemic. Till date, several variants of concern have been identified. However, currently, the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) is the most dreaded one owing to its enhanced transmissibility and increased virulence. In addition, this variant can potentially facilitate fusion of the spike protein to cells or inhibit antibodies from binding to it. In this commentary, we have simplified the complexity of the nomenclature of variants related to COVID-19, concentrating on the Delta variant including its transmissibility, response to vaccines, and prevention.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Otarola-Castillo ◽  
Meissa G Torquato ◽  
Caitlin E. Buck

Archaeologists often use data and quantitative statistical methods to evaluate their ideas. Although there are various statistical frameworks for decision-making in archaeology and science in general, in this chapter, we provide a simple explanation of Bayesian statistics. To contextualize the Bayesian statistical framework, we briefly compare it to the more widespread null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) approach. We also provide a simple example to illustrate how archaeologists use data and the Bayesian framework to compare hypotheses and evaluate their uncertainty. We then review how archaeologists have applied Bayesian statistics to solve research problems related to radiocarbon dating and chronology, lithic, ceramic, zooarchaeological, bioarchaeological, and spatial analyses. Because recent work has reviewed Bayesian applications in archaeology from the 1990s up to 2017, this work considers the relevant literature published since 2017.


Author(s):  
Jonathan Skipp ◽  
Sergey Nazarenko

Abstract We study the thermodynamic equilibrium spectra of the Charney- Hasegawa-Mima (CHM) equation in its weakly nonlinear limit. In this limit, the equation has three adiabatic invariants, in contrast to the two invariants of the 2D Euler or Gross-Pitaevskii equations, which are examples for comparison. We explore how the third invariant considerably enriches the variety of equilibrium spectra that the CHM system can access. In particular we characterise the singular limits of these spectra in which condensates occur, i.e. a single Fourier mode (or pair of modes) accumulate(s) a macroscopic fraction of the total invariants. We show that these equilibrium condensates provide a simple explanation for the characteristic structures observed in CHM systems of finite size: highly anisotropic zonal flows, large-scale isotropic vortices, and vortices at small scale. We show how these condensates are associated with combinations of negative thermodynamic potentials (e.g. temperature).


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-119
Author(s):  
Saúl Fernandez-Valenzuela ◽  
Francisca Chávez-Ruvalcaba ◽  
Julio Cesar Beltran-Rocha ◽  
Pilar Morales San Claudio ◽  
Raúl Reyna-Martínez

Microalgae have several applications in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biofuel production, and bioremediation, among other fields. Isolation and purification are extremely important for obtaining axenic cultures of microalgae from different environments and crucial for their biotechnological applications, but it is not an easy task. In view of the above, it is fundamental to know the classical and advanced techniques and examples of how scientists from around the globe have applied such methods to isolate several genera and the impact of each step on successful algal purification. This review provides a brief and simple explanation of the methodology for sampling, growth, obtention of unialgal, and posterior axenic culture, which will facilitate the development of novel microalgae-related discoveries and applications for new researchers.


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