Intestinal parasites among intellectually disabled individuals in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Poor self-care skills and personal hygiene resulted from limitations in learning and understanding, put intellectually disabled individuals at greater risk for intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs). Despite several regional reports in Iran, the overall burden on IPIs among intellectually disabled individuals is poorly understood. Hence, the present study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of IPIs among intellectually disabled individuals in Iran. Methods Using the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of data retrieved from seven electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and ProQuest for English articles, as well as SID and Magiran for Persian) from their inception up to December 2020. Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and depicted as a forest plot, while heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s Q-test. Results Exactly 1263 of the 3004 intellectually disabled individuals examined by 14 studies across 10 provinces of Iran were positive for IPIs. Overall pooled prevalence estimate was 41% (95% CI 29–53%) with a range of 21% (95% CI 10–32%) to 68% (95% CI 55–80%) across sub-groups. Entamoeba coli (16.2%; 95% CI 10.3–22%), Blastocystis spp. (12.2%; 95% CI 7.2–17.2%), and Giardia duodenalis (11.9%; 95% CI 7.4–16.3%) were the most prevalent protozoan species. In terms of helminthic agents, the most prevalent species were Enterobius vermicularis (11.3%; 95% CI 6.3–16.3%) followed by Strongyloides stercoralis (10.9%; 95% CI 5.0–16.9%) and Hymenolepis nana (2.8%; 95% CI 0.4–5.2%) Conclusion IPIs are highly prevalent among intellectually disabled individuals in Iran. Improving the health status and implementing infectious disease prevention strategies in rehabilitation centers, health promotion interventions to improve personal hygiene of intellectually disabled individuals, as well as utilize sensitive diagnostic methods besides routine stool examination techniques, and treatment of infected individuals will help in the control of these infections among intellectually disabled individuals.

Download Full-text

Intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-021-03908-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zelalem Animaw ◽

Addisu Melese ◽

Habtamu Demelash ◽

Girma Seyoum ◽

Abiy Abebe

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Stool Examination ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Abstract Background Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are public health problems widely distributed in the world and cause significant morbidity and mortality; many of which occur among women of reproductive age. IPIs caused by helminthes and protozoan parasites are common among pregnant women. Data on the national pooled prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated factors during pregnancy is not documented well in Ethiopia. This review aims at summarizing evidences on the burden of IPIs and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Methods Published and unpublished studies were thoroughly searched at MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Cochrane library and Science Direct. In addition, repositories of Addis Ababa, Gondar and Jimma Universities were searched. Eligible studies were selected following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline. The pooled prevalence of intestinal parasites and summary odds ratios (ORs) were determined with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Sub-groups analyses were done based on study region, types of parasites, methods of stool examination and study setting. The statistical analyses were performed using STATA version 14.0 software. Results Among 168 retrieved studies, 31 studies with a total population of 12,118 pregnant women were included. The estimated pooled prevalence of IPIs among pregnant women in Ethiopia was 27.32 % (95 % CI: 20.61, 33.87 %). In the subgroup analysis, Oromia and Amhara regions had the highest prevalence with a 29.78 % (95 % CI: 15.97, 43.60) and 29.63 % (95 % CI: 15.37, 43.89); respectively. In addition, studies conducted in the community showed higher prevalence than institution based studies (49.93 % Vs 24.84 %; respectively). The most prevalent type of intestinal parasite identified were Hookworm followed by Ascaris lumbricoides with a pooled prevalence of 11.2 and 10.34 %, respectively. In our analysis; residence, being bare footed, lack of hand washing habit and eating uncooked/raw vegetables were significantly associated with IPIs among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Conclusions Prevalence of IPIs during pregnancy is relatively high in Ethiopia. Poor hygienic practices were identified as risk factors. Based on our finding, targeted preventive measures shall be considered so as to prevent morbidity and mortality due to IPIs.

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of intestinal parasitic infections in Ethiopian children: A systematic review and meta-analysis

10.21203/rs.2.15732/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Legese Chelkeba ◽

Zeleke Mekonnen ◽

Yonas Alemu ◽

Daniel Emana

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Geographical Distribution ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

School Age Children ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

School Age ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Parasite Infections ◽

Risk Areas

Abstract Background : Numerous studies have been carried out on assessing the prevalence of intestinal parasites infections (IPIs) among preschool and school-age children in Ethiopia, but there is lack of study systematically gathered and analyzedinformation for policymakers. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to provide a summary on prevalence, geographical distribution and trends of IPIs among preschool and school-age childrenin Ethiopia. Methods :The search were carried out in Medline via PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 1996to July2019 for studies describing prevalence of IPIs among preschooland school-age children. We conducted meta-regression to understand the trends and the source of heterogeneity and pooled the prevalence using ‘metaprop’ command using STATA software version 14. Results : Eighty-three(83) studies examining 56,786 fecal specimens were included. The prevalence of IPIs was 48 %( 95%CI: 42% to 53%) and showedsignificantly decreasing trends 17% (95% CI: 2.5% to 32%) for each consecutive 6 years) and was similar in males and females. The pooled prevalence in years 1997–2002, 2003–2008, 2009–2014 and >2014 was 71% (95% CI: 57% to 86%), 42% (95% CI: 27% to 56%), 48% (95% CI: 40% to 56%) and 42% (95% CI: 34% to 49%), respectively. Poly-parasitism was observed in 16% (95% CI: 13% to 19 %,) of the cases. Conclusion: Intestinal parasite infections are highly prevalent among preschool and school-age children and well distributed across the regional states of Ethiopia. Southern and Amhara regional states carry the highest burden.We observed significant decreasing trends in prevalence of IPIs among preschool and school-age Ethiopian children over the last two decades.Therefore, this study is important to locate the geographical distribution and identified high risk areas that should be prioritized further interventions, which complement global efforts towards elimination of IPIs infections by 2020

Download Full-text

Comorbidity of Geo-Helminthes among Malaria Outpatients of the Health Facilities in Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18030862 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 862

Author(s):

Minyahil Tadesse Boltena ◽

Ziad El-Khatib ◽

Abraham Sahlemichael Kebede ◽

Benedict Oppong Asamoah ◽

Andualem Tadesse Boltena ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽

Random Effect ◽

Plasmodium Species ◽

Intestinal Helminth ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Intestinal Helminths ◽

Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Background: Coinfection of malaria and intestinal helminths affects one third of the global population, largely among communities with severe poverty. The spread of these parasitic infections overlays in several epidemiological locations and the host shows different outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis determine the pooled prevalence of malaria and intestinal helminthiases coinfections among malaria suspected patients in Ethiopia. Methods: Primary studies published in English language were retrieved using appropriate search terms on Google Scholar, PubMed/MEDLINE, CINHAL, Scopus, and Embase. The Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) was used for critical appraisal of studies. A pooled statistical meta-analysis was conducted using STATA Version 14.0 software. The heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using the I2 statistics and Egger’s test, respectively. Duval and Tweedie’s nonparametric trim and fill analysis using the random-effect analysis. The Random effects model was used to estimate the summary prevalence of comorbidity of malaria and soil transmitted helminthiases and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). The review protocol has registered in PROSPERO number CRD42019144803. Results: We identified ten studies (n = 6633 participants) in this study. The overall pooled result showed 13% of the ambulatory patients infected by malaria and intestinal helminths concurrently in Ethiopia. The pooled prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, and mixed infections were 12, 30, and 6%, respectively. The most common intestinal helminth parasites detected were Hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Tirchuris trichiura. Conclusions: The comorbidity of malaria and intestinal helminths causes lower hemoglobin level leading to maternal anemia, preterm delivery, and still birth in pregnant women and lactating mother. School-aged children and neonates coinfected by plasmodium species and soil transmitted helminths develop cognitive impairment, protein energy malnutrition, low birth weight, small for gestational age, and gross motor delay. The Ministry of Health of Ethiopia and its international partners working on malaria elimination programs should give more emphasis to the effect of the interface of malaria and soil transmitted helminths, which calls for an integrated disease control and prevention.

Download Full-text

Prevalence of Syphilis among Pregnant Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/4562385 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Siraj Hussen ◽

Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Screening Program ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Forest Plot ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Sub Saharan

Objective. Syphilis is one of the most imperative STIs, caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. During pregnancy it is associated with disastrous health outcomes in the newborn. In sub-Saharan Africa, study findings on the prevalence of syphilis among pregnant women are highly dispersed and inconsistent. The aim of the current review is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of syphilis in sub-Saharan Africa among pregnant women. Design. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data Sources. Databases including MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and HINARI and reference lists of previous prevalence studies were systematically searched for relevant literature from January 1999 to November 2018. Results were presented in forest plot, tables, and figures. Random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis. For the purpose of this review, a case of syphilis was defined as positive treponemal or nontreponemal tests among pregnant women. Data Extraction. Our search gave a total of 262 citations from all searched databases. Of these, 44 studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria and comprising 175,546 subjects were finally included. Results. The pooled prevalence of syphilis among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa was 2.9% (95%CI: 2.4%-3.4%). East and Southern African regions had a higher syphilis prevalence among pregnant women (3.2%, 95% CI: 2.3%-4.2% and 3.6%, 95%CI: 2.0%-5.1%, respectively) than the sub-Saharan African pooled prevalence. The prevalence of syphilis among pregnant women in most parts of the region seemed to have decreased over the past 20 years except for the East African region. However, prevalence did not significantly differ by region and time period. Conclusion. This review showed a high prevalence of syphilis in sub-Saharan Africa among pregnant women. The evidence suggests strengthening the screening program during pregnancy as part of the care package during antenatal care visits. Programs focusing on primary prevention of syphilis in women should also be strengthened.

Download Full-text

Lowest wealth quintiles predispose under-five children to stunting in Ethiopia: Updates of systematic review and meta-analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-58090/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mesfin Wudu Kassaw ◽

Aschalew Afework ◽

Alemayehu Digssie ◽

Netsanet Fentahun ◽

Murat Açık ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Publication Bias ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Forest Plot ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Abstract Background: Malnutrition remains as a major public health problem in the world, particularly in developing countries such as Ethiopia. The prevalence of stunting in Ethiopia has been decreased considerably from 58% in 2000 to 44% in 2011 and 38% in 2016. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the prevalence of stunting and its associations with wealth index among under-five children in Ethiopia. Methodology: The databases screened were PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, HINARI and grey literatures. The studies’ qualities were assessed by two reviewers independently, and any controversy was handled by other reviewers using the JBI critical appraisal checklist. In the statistical analysis, the funnel plot, Egger’s test, and Begg’s test were used to assess publication bias. The I2 statistic, forest plot, and Cochran’s Q test were used to deal with heterogeneity. Results: The pooled prevalence of stunting was 41.5% among under-five children, despite its considerable heterogeneity (I2=97.6%, p<0.001). However, the included studies had no publication bias in calculating the pooled prevalence (Egger’s test p=0.26; Begg’s test p=0.87). Children from households with a medium or low/poor wealth index had higher odds of stunting (AOR 1.33, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.65 or AOR 1.92, 95% CI: 1.46, 2.54, respectively) compared to children from households with a high/rich wealth index. Conclusions: The pooled prevalence of stunting is great. In the subgroup analysis, the Amhara region, followed by the Oromia region and then the Tigray region had the highest prevalence of stunting

Download Full-text

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) in Nigeria: The First Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9090565 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 565

Author(s):

Yusuf Wada ◽

Azian Binti Harun ◽

Chan Yean Yean ◽

Abdul Rahman Zaidah

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Publication Bias ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Forest Plot ◽

Funnel Plot ◽

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Vancomycin Resistant ◽

Meta Regression ◽

Leave One Out

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) are on the rise worldwide. Here, we report the first prevalence of VRE in Nigeria using systematic review and meta-analysis. International databases MedLib, PubMed, International Scientific Indexing (ISI), Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and African journals online (AJOL) were searched. Information was extracted by two independent reviewers, and results were reviewed by the third. Two reviewers independently assessed the study quality using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist. OpenMeta analyst was used. The random effect was used, and publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed, and the sources were analysed using the leave-one-out meta-analysis, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression. Nineteen studies met the eligibility criteria and were added to the final meta-analysis, and the study period was from 2009–2018. Of the 2552 isolates tested, 349 were VRE, and E. faecalis was reported the most. The pooled prevalence of VRE in Nigeria was estimated at 25.3% (95% CI; 19.8–30.8%; I2 = 96.26%; p < 0.001). Between-study variability was high (t2 = 0.011; heterogeneity I2 = 96.26% with heterogeneity chi-square (Q) = 480.667, degrees of freedom (df) = 18, and p = 0.001). The funnel plot showed no publication bias, and the leave-one-out forest plot did not affect the pooled prevalence. The South-East region had a moderate heterogeneity though not significant (I2 = 51.15%, p = 0.129). Meta-regression showed that all the variables listed contributed to the heterogeneity except for the animal isolate source (p = 0.188) and studies that were done in 2013 (p = 0.219). Adherence to proper and accurate antimicrobial usage, comprehensive testing, and continuous surveillance of VRE are required.

Download Full-text

A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of characterization of canine parvoviruses 2 prevalent in mainland China

Virology Journal ◽

10.1186/s12985-020-01462-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bo Dong ◽

Gaoqiang Zhang ◽

Jiajia Zhang ◽

Junyu Bai ◽

Weiming Lin

Keyword(s):

English Literature ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Random Effect Model ◽

Mainland China ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Forest Plot ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is a pathogenic virus that infects dogs, causing a highly infectious disease. Monitoring CPV-2 spread is an important part of prevention; however, the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of CPV-2 have not been systematically evaluated and analyzed in mainland China. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to assess prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of CPV-2 in domestic dogs in mainland China. Methods In this study, Chinese and English literature on CPV-2 epidemiology published between January 2006 and December 2019 was evaluated. Regarding meta-analysis, the random-effect model was employed by forest plot with 95% of confidence interval. The number of CPV-2 infections was identified and the pooled prevalence of infection, as well as the epidemiological characteristics, was calculated using meta-analysis. Results A total of 39 studies (data from 137,844 dogs) met the evaluation criteria and were used in our study. The pooled prevalence of CPV-2 infection in mainland China was 36%. CPV-2 infection were associated with age, breed, sampling season and immunization status, but not with gender, publication time and diagnostic methods. Conclusions Our results indicated that CPV-2 is prevalent among dogs in China. It is therefore necessary to carry out continuous surveillance and epidemiological studies of CPV-2. In addition, accordingly, effective measures should be taken to prevent the transmission and spread of CPV-2 among the Chinese dog population.

Download Full-text

Undernutrition and its determinants among Ethiopian adolescent girls: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026718 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. e026718 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wubet Worku Takele ◽

Achenef Asmamaw Muche ◽

Zeleke Abebaw Mekonnen ◽

Yehualashet Fikadu Ambaw ◽

Fasil Wagnew

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Health Concern ◽

Forest Plot ◽

P Value ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Registration Number ◽

Trim And Fill ◽

Meta Analyses

IntroductionIn Ethiopia, undernutrition is the common public health concern, swaying the lives of lots of adolescent girls. Its sequelae are not only limited to them, but rather their upcoming offspring are vulnerable too. Even though some studies have been carried out in different parts of the country, the national pooled prevalence and determinants of undernutrition are not known. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the pooled prevalence and determinants of undernutrition among adolescent girls in Ethiopia.MethodsPublished articles will be retrieved from databases such as Medline and PubMed. Electronic search engines such as Google Scholar and Google will be used. To identify eligible studies, the Joanna Briggs Institute quality appraisal checklists prepared for different study designs will be used. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist will be used to maintain the scientific robustness of the study. The presence of heterogeneity among studies will be examined by forest plot as well as I2heterogeneity test. Potential causes of heterogeneity will be explored by carrying out sensitivity and subgroup analyses. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model will be used provided that heterogeneity is observed. Publication bias will be examined by observing funnel plots, and objectively by Egger’s regression test. If the funnel plot is asymmetric and/or Egger’s test was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05), the trim and fill (Duval and Tweedie’s) analysis will be performed. The presence of a statistical association between independent and dependent variables will be declared if the p value is <0.05 with the 95% CI.Ethics and disseminationSince this is a systematic review and meta-analysis, ethical clearance will not be a concern. The results of the study will be published in a peer-reviewed reputable journal and presented at different scientific research conferences.Trial registration numberCRD42018106180.

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of intestinal parasitic infections in Ethiopian children: A systematic review and meta-analysis

10.21203/rs.2.15732/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Zeleke Mekonnen ◽

Yonas Alemu ◽

Daniel Emana ◽

Legese Chelkeba

Keyword(s):

Web Of Science ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

School Age Children ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

School Age ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Males And Females

Abstract Background : Numerous studies have been carried out on assessing the prevalence of intestinal parasites infections (IPIs) among preschool and school age children in Ethiopia, however, there was no study to gather and systematically analyze this information for policy makers. Methods : We searched Medline via PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science (ISI), and Google Scholar and local peer-reviewed journals published from inception to 2019 for studies describing prevalence of IPIs among preschool and school age children. We conducted meta-regression to understand the trend and the source of heterogeneity and pooled the prevalence using ‘metaprop’ command using STATA software (Intercooled, version 14, STATA Corp, College Station, TX). Results : Eighty three (83) studies examining 56,786 fecal specimens were included. The prevalence of IPIs was 48 %( 95%CI: 42% to 53%) and showed a gradual, but significantly decreasing trends 17% (95% CI: 2.5% to 32%) for each consecutive 6 years) and was similar in males and females. The pooled prevalence in years 1997–2002, 2003–2008, 2009–2014 and >2014 was 71% (95% CI: 57% to 86%), 42% (95% CI: 27% to 56%), 48% (95% CI: 40% to 56%) and 42% (95% CI: 34% to 49%), respectively. Poly-parasitism was observed in 16% (95% CI: 13% to 19 %,) of children while, single parasite infection was observed in 36 %( 95% CI: 30% to 41%). Conclusion: IPIs are highly prevalent and well distributed across the regional states of Ethiopia. Southern and Amhara regional states carry the highest burden. We observed a gradual, but significant decreasing trends in prevalence of IPIs among Ethiopian children over the last two decades.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and associated factor of Campylobacter species among less than 5-year-old children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

European Journal of Medical Research ◽

10.1186/s40001-020-00474-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kuma Diriba ◽

Ephrem Awulachew ◽

Asrat Anja

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Animal Products ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Campylobacter Species ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Children Under 5

Abstract Background Despite the significant reductions in under-five mortality, campylobacteriosis has emerged as one of the most common causative agents of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in humans. We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of Campylobacter species and associated risk factors among children less than 5 years of age in Ethiopia. Methods A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library. All identified observational studies reporting the prevalence and determinants of diarrhea among children under 5 years of age in Ethiopia were included. Two authors independently extracted data and analyzed them using STATA Version 13 statistical software. A random-effects model was computed to estimate the pooled prevalence and the associations between determinant factors and campylobacteriosis. Results Out of 166 papers reviewed, 8 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of Campylobacter species among children under 5 years of age in Ethiopia was 10% (95% CI: 7, 13). Contact with domestic animals (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 2.0, 5.1), illiterate mothers (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1, 3.8), consumption of animal products (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 0.7, 4.5), and status of mothers’ personal hygiene (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.7, 1.8) were significantly associated with the prevalence of Campylobacter species. Conclusion In our study, Campylobacter species among children under 5 years of age in Ethiopia were significantly high. Contact with domestic animals, illiterate mothers and consumption of animal products were significantly associated with prevalence of Campylobacter species

Download Full-text