scholarly journals Non-verbal IQ and change in restricted and repetitive behavior throughout childhood in autism: a longitudinal study using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Courchesne ◽  
R. Bedford ◽  
A. Pickles ◽  
E. Duku ◽  
C. Kerns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Behavior ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Circumscribed Interests ◽  
Verbal Iq ◽  
Autism Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Restricted And Repetitive Behavior ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Restricted and repetitive behavior (RRB) is one of the characteristic features of Autism Spectrum Disorder. This domain of symptoms includes a broad range of behaviors. There is a need to study each behavior individually to better understand the role of each in the development of autistic children. Moreover, there are currently no longitudinal studies investigating change in these behaviors over development. Methods The goal of the present study was to explore the association between age and non-verbal IQ (NVIQ) on 15 RRB symptoms included in the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) over time. A total of 205 children with ASD were assessed using the ADI-R at time of diagnosis, at age 6 years, and at age 11 years, and with the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children—Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) at age 8 years. Results The proportion of children showing each RRB tended to diminish with increasing age, except for sensitivity to noise and circumscribed interests, where the proportion increased over time. Although there was no significant main effect of NVIQ, there was a significant interaction between age and NVIQ. This was mainly driven by Difficulties with change in routine, for which higher NVIQ was associated with the behavior remaining relatively stable with age, while lower NVIQ was associated with the behavior becoming more prevalent with age. Limitations The study focused on the presence/absence of each RRB but did not account for potential changes in frequency or severity of the behaviors over development. Furthermore, some limitations are inherent to the measures used. The ADI-R relies on parent report and hence has some level of subjectivity, while the Wechsler intelligence scales can underestimate the intellectual abilities of some autistic children. Conclusions These results confirm that specific RRB are differentially linked to age and NVIQ. Studying RRB individually is a promising approach to better understanding how RRB change over the development of autistic children and are linked to other developmental domains.

scholarly journals Non-verbal IQ and change in restricted and repetitive behaviors throughout childhood in autism: A longitudinal study using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Courchesne ◽  
Rachael Bedford ◽  
Andrew Pickles ◽  
Eric Duku ◽  
Connor Kerns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parent Report ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Circumscribed Interests ◽  
Verbal Iq ◽  
Restricted And Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Autism Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: Restricted and repetitive behaviors are one of the characteristic features of Autism Spectrum Disorder. This domain of symptoms includes a broad range of behaviors. There is a need to study each behavior individually to better understand the role they each have in the development of autistic children. Moreover, there are currently no longitudinal studies investigating change in these behaviors over development. Methods: The goal of the present study was to explore the association between age and non-verbal IQ (NVIQ) on 15 RRB symptoms included in the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) over time. A total of 205 children with ASD were assessed using the ADI-R at time of diagnosis, at age 6 years, and at age 11 years, and with the addition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children – Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) at age 8 years.Results: The proportion of children showing each RRB tended to diminish with increasing age (p < 0.001), except for sensitivity to noise and circumscribed interests, where the proportion increased over time. Although there was no significant main effect of NVIQ (p = 0.101), there was a significant interaction between age and NVIQ (p < 0.01). This was mainly driven by Difficulties with change in routine, for which higher NVIQ was associated with the prevalence of the behavior remaining relatively stable with age, while lower NVIQ was associated with the behavior becoming more prevalent with age.Limitations: The study focused on the presence/absence of each RRB but did not account for potential changes in frequency or severity of the behaviors over development. Furthermore, some limitations are inherent to the measures used. The ADI-R relies on parent-report and hence has some level of subjectivity, while the Wechsler intelligence scales can underestimate the intellectual abilities of some autistic children.Conclusions: These results confirm that specific RRBs are differentially linked to age and NVIQ. Studying RRBs individually is a promising approach to better understand how RRBs change over the development of autistic children and are linked to other developmental domains.

scholarly journals Race influences parent report of concerns about symptoms of autism spectrum disorder

Autism ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan Rose Donohue ◽  
Amber W Childs ◽  
Megan Richards ◽  
Diana L Robins
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Disruptive Behavior ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Repetitive Behavior ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Black Parents ◽  
White Parents ◽  
Restricted And Repetitive Behavior

Racial differences in parent report of concerns about their child’s development to healthcare providers may contribute to delayed autism spectrum disorder diagnoses in Black children. We tested the hypotheses that compared to White parents, Black parents of children with autism spectrum disorder would report fewer concerns about autism symptoms and would be more likely to report concerns about disruptive behaviors. A sample of 18- to 40-month-old toddlers ( N = 174) with autism spectrum disorder and their parent participated. After screening positive for autism spectrum disorder risk, but prior to a diagnostic evaluation, parents completed free-response questions soliciting concerns about their child’s development. Parent responses were coded for the presence or the absence of 10 possible concerns, which were grouped into autism concerns (e.g. social and restricted and repetitive behavior concerns) or non-autism concerns (e.g. general developmental and disruptive behavior concerns). Compared to White parents, Black parents reported significantly fewer autism concerns and fewer social and restricted and repetitive behavior concerns. However, Black parents did not report significantly fewer non-autism concerns. Race did not influence parent report of disruptive behavior concerns. Lower reporting of autism concerns by Black parents may impact providers’ abilities to identify children who need further screening or evaluation.

Co-occurring trajectories of anxiety and insistence on sameness behaviour in autism spectrum disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 218 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Danielle A. Baribeau ◽  
Simone Vigod ◽  
Eleanor Pullenayegum ◽  
Connor M. Kerns ◽  
Pat Mirenda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Child Behavior Checklist ◽  
Childhood Anxiety ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Insistence On Sameness

BackgroundChildren with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have increased susceptibility to anxiety disorders. Variation in a common ASD symptom, insistence on sameness behaviour, may predict future anxiety symptoms.AimsTo describe the joint heterogeneous longitudinal trajectories of insistence on sameness and anxiety in children with ASD and to characterise subgroups at higher risk for anxiety.MethodIn a longitudinal ASD cohort (n = 421), insistence on sameness behaviour was measured using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised at approximately ages 3, 6 and 11 years. Anxiety was quantified at 8 time points between ages 3 and 11 years using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (parent report). Clusters of participants following similar trajectories were identified using group-based and joint trajectory modelling.ResultsThree insistence on sameness trajectories were identified: (a) ‘low-stable’ (41.7% of participants), (b) ‘moderate-increasing’ (52.0%) and (c) ‘high-peaking’ (i.e. increasing then stabilising/decreasing behaviour) (6.3%). Four anxiety trajectories were identified: (a) ‘low-increasing’ (51.0%), (b) ‘moderate-decreasing’ (16.2%), (c) ‘moderate-increasing’ (19.6%) and (d) ‘high-stable’ (13.1%). Of those assigned to the ‘high-peaking’ insistence on sameness trajectory, 95% jointly followed an anxiety trajectory that surpassed the threshold for clinical concern (T-score >65) by middle childhood (anxiety trajectories 3 or 4). Insistence on sameness and anxiety trajectories were similar in severity and direction for 64% of the sample; for 36%, incongruous patterns were seen (e.g. decreasing anxiety and increasing insistence on sameness).ConclusionsThe concurrent assessment of insistence on sameness behaviour and anxiety in ASD may help in understanding current symptom profiles and anticipating future trajectories. High preschool insistence on sameness in particular may be associated with elevated current or future anxiety symptoms.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS OF VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Weny Anita Febriantini ◽  
Rahima Fitriati ◽  
Lulud Oktaviani
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Repetitive Behavior ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Restricted And Repetitive Behavior

Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior.  Autistic is a person affected by autism. The level of autism of each individual is varied. It can range from mild to severe. Due to this condition, the person shares some symptoms of the difficulties with social interaction. To make them involved in social interaction, it needs special effort to make them be able to speech or communicate first. For this reason, there should be the use of the combination between verbal and non-verbal communication. Thus, this study attempted to investigate the process of using both kinds of communication in teaching children with autism since children are easier to be threated than adults. To make the distinct result, the participants were from different level of autism. Then, based on the observation and interview, the findings showed that the verbal and non-verbal communication used by the therapist in teaching the autistic children can enhance their social interaction and communication skills.

scholarly journals Interests in high-functioning autism are more intense, interfering, and idiosyncratic than those in neurotypical development

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Gutermuth Anthony ◽  
Lauren Kenworthy ◽  
Benjamin E. Yerys ◽  
Kathryn F. Jankowski ◽  
Joette D. James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Functioning Autism ◽  
Repetitive Behavior ◽  
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Social Responsiveness ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
Autism Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Behavior Rating Inventory ◽  
Autism Diagnostic Observation

AbstractAlthough circumscribed interests are pathognomonic with autism, much about these interests remains unknown. Using the Interests Scale (IS), this study compares interests between 76 neurotypical (NT) individuals and 109 individuals with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HF-ASD) matched groupwise on age, IQ, and gender ratio. Participants and their parents/caregivers completed diagnostic measures (the Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; HF-ASD only), cognitive tests (Wechsler IQ Scales), and questionnaires (the Repetitive Behavior Scale—Revised, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, and the Social Responsiveness Scale), in addition to the IS. Consistent with previous research, HF-ASD and NT individuals did not differ in number of interest areas, but the types of interests and intensity of those interests differed considerably. Using only the IS intensity score, 81% of individuals were correctly classified (NT or HF-ASD) in a logistic regression analysis. Among individuals with HF-ASD, Interests Scale scores were significantly related to Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Repetitive Behavior Scale—Revised, and Social Responsiveness Scale scores, but they were not related to Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised scores, IQ, gender, age, or psychotropic medication use. The type and intensity, but not the number, of interests distinguish high-functioning individuals with ASD from NT individuals.

scholarly journals An ontology for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to infer ASD phenotypes from Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised data

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 333-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omri Mugzach ◽  
Mor Peleg ◽  
Steven C. Bagley ◽  
Stephen J. Guter ◽  
Edwin H. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autism Diagnostic Interview

scholarly journals Overlapping symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders: more similarities than differences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dienke J. Bos ◽  
Daniella Dobos ◽  
Bob Oranje ◽  
Sarah Durston
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Repetitive Behavior ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Restricted And Repetitive Behavior

Background: While Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may intuitively seem to be on the extremes of a single spectrum (ranging from impulsive to rigid), symptoms of ASD and ADHD often co-occur in the same children. This study aimed to provide an in-depth characterization of ADHD and ASD symptoms in children with and without ASD and/or ADHD using questionnaire data. Methods: In total, we included 702 symptom measurements from 484 children aged between 6 and 18 years with ADHD (N=155), ASD (N=141), or typically developing (N=188) and analyzed these using linear mixed-effects models. We used latent-profile analysis (LPA) to investigate patterns of comorbid ADHD and ASD symptoms. Results: The present study investigated restricted and repetitive behavior and symptoms of ADHD across a large sample of children with ASD and/or ADHD, compared to typically developing peers. We found that children with comorbid ASD and ADHD had the most severe symptoms that persisted over development. Children with a primary ADHD diagnosis had elevated levels of restricted and repetitive behavior, and children with ASD also had symptoms of ADHD. Latent profile analysis (LPA) further suggested that patterns of symptom comorbidity are not specific to diagnostic categories.Conclusions: We found severe and persistent ASD and ADHD symptoms in children with comorbid ASD and ADHD. Children with a single diagnosis of ASD or ADHD had more moderate symptoms that improved with age. Furthermore, children with ASD had elevated ADHD symptoms, and vice versa, suggesting that symptoms are not specific to diagnostic categories.

scholarly journals Attention capture by trains and faces in children with and without autism spectrum disorder

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0250763
Author(s):  
Nichole E. Scheerer ◽  
Elina Birmingham ◽  
Troy Q. Boucher ◽  
Grace Iarocci
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Attention Capture ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Circumscribed Interests ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Overt Attention ◽  
Face Stimuli

This study examined involuntary capture of attention, overt attention, and stimulus valence and arousal ratings, all factors that can contribute to potential attentional biases to face and train objects in children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the visual domain, faces are particularly captivating, and are thought to have a ‘special status’ in the attentional system. Research suggests that similar attentional biases may exist for other objects of expertise (e.g. birds for bird experts), providing support for the role of exposure in attention prioritization. Autistic individuals often have circumscribed interests around certain classes of objects, such as trains, that are related to vehicles and mechanical systems. This research aimed to determine whether this propensity in autistic individuals leads to stronger attention capture by trains, and perhaps weaker attention capture by faces, than what would be expected in non-autistic children. In Experiment 1, autistic children (6–14 years old) and age- and IQ-matched non-autistic children performed a visual search task where they manually indicated whether a target butterfly appeared amongst an array of face, train, and neutral distractors while their eye-movements were tracked. Autistic children were no less susceptible to attention capture by faces than non-autistic children. Overall, for both groups, trains captured attention more strongly than face stimuli and, trains had a larger effect on overt attention to the target stimuli, relative to face distractors. In Experiment 2, a new group of children (autistic and non-autistic) rated train stimuli as more interesting and exciting than the face stimuli, with no differences between groups. These results suggest that: (1) other objects (trains) can capture attention in a similar manner as faces, in both autistic and non-autistic children (2) attention capture is driven partly by voluntary attentional processes related to personal interest or affective responses to the stimuli.

The psychometric properties of the Iranian version of Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) in children with autism spectrum disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Bashirian ◽  
Ali Reza Soltanian ◽  
Mahdieh Seyedi ◽  
Salman Khazaei ◽  
Ensiyeh Jenabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Content Validity ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Autism Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the validity of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) in an Iranian population to determine its efficacy in identifying children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who parents have Persian-speaking parents. Design/methodology/approach A case–control study was performed in March until July 2020 in Hamadan city, Iran. The case group was children were examined by the clinicians used a coding scheme based on the DSM-IV criteria for ASD. The control group was all children in the family, including healthy siblings, were asked to participate in the study. The reliability, content and face validity were performed to assess the psychometric properties of the tool. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to evaluate the four-dimensional structure of the tool (Scores A, B, C and D). Statistical analysis was performed using AMOS for SPSS 21, and the statistical significant level was less than 0.05. Findings The quantitative content validity analysis revealed that the mean of content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) for all domains was 0.94 and 0.91, respectively. For CFA, four domains A, B, C and D were used and demonstrated a good fit (CFI = 0.92 and RMSEA = 0.06). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) in domains A, B (verbal), C and D were 100%. For domain B (non-verbal), the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 86.7%, 100%, 100% and 88.2%, respectively. Research limitations/implications This study showed that ADI-R has sufficient ability to discriminate between children with ASD and those with no psychiatric diagnosis, and it is a reliable tool in Iran. The sensitivity and specificity for correctly diagnosing ASD was high, regardless of the age and cognitive level of the examiner. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper on psychometric properties of ADI-R in children with ASD.

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