scholarly journals Association between local public housing authority policies related to criminal justice system involvement and sexually transmitted infection rates

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Purtle ◽  
Erdal Tekin ◽  
Luwam T. Gebrekristos ◽  
Linda Niccolai ◽  
Kim M. Blankenship
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Housing Authority ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

AbstractThe policies of U.S. local public housing authorities influence which populations have access to stable housing, an important resource for health. We assessed whether the restrictiveness of local public housing authority policies related to people with criminal justice histories—a population at high risk for HIV/STIs—were associated with HIV/STI rates at the local-level. An ecological analysis was conducted using data from 107 local public housing authority jurisdictions. The independent variable was a score that quantified the presence/absence of eight policies related to the ability of people with criminal justice histories to obtain and retain public housing. The dependent variables were county-level rates of HIV, gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia. Ordinary least squares regression with state fixed effects was used. We find that the restrictiveness of housing authority policies towards people with criminal justice histories were significantly associated with higher HIV and gonorrhea rates, but not syphilis or chlamydia. For example, local housing authorities with a policy score more restrictive than the median score had an additional 6.05 cases of HIV per 100,000 population (32.9% increase relative to the mean rate) and 84.61 cases of newly diagnosed gonorrhea (41.3% increase). Local public housing authority policies related to people with criminal justice histories could affect HIV/STI risk at the population-level. These policies should be considered in studies and interventions at the intersection of housing, health, and justice involved populations.

scholarly journals Adolescent Criminal Justice Involvement and Adulthood Sexually Transmitted Infection in a Nationally Representative US Sample

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria R. Khan ◽  
David L. Rosen ◽  
Matthew W. Epperson ◽  
Asha Goldweber ◽  
Jordana L. Hemberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infection ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Criminal Justice Involvement ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Nationally Representative

Product diversification, business structure, and firm performance in Taiwanese property and liability insurance sector

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-Ying Lee
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Product Diversification ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Business Structure

Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyze product diversification, business structure and insurer performance with a comprehensive look at the property-liability (P/L) insurance operations. Design/methodology/approach Using a panel data, this study employs an ordinary least squares regression model, fixed effects model and random effects model to examine the impact of product diversification and business structure on the performance of P/L insurers. The study assesses insurer performance using both risk-adjusted return on assets and risk-adjusted return on equity. Findings The study finds that product diversification is significantly negatively related to the performance of P/L insurers. The results are consistent with the diversification discount theory. The empirical results reveal that business lines have significant impacts on firm performance, particularly on the lines of fire and marine insurances. Furthermore, the interaction between product diversification and firm size implies that product diversification significantly increases the performance of large-sized insurance firms. Originality/value The study provides some valuable insights into the effects of diversification and business structure on the performance of P/L insurers in a developing country. The study’s findings suggest that management of P/L insurers should clarify their objectives and carefully assess the company’s resources when dealing with product diversification and business structure. The results have practical implications for the financial services industry in Taiwan.

scholarly journals Comparison of Competing Approaches to Analyzing Cross-Classified Data: Random Effects Models, Ordinary Least Squares, or Fixed Effects with Cluster Robust Standard Errors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Ri Lee ◽  
James E Pustejovsky
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation Study ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

Cross-classified random effects modeling (CCREM) is a common approach for analyzing cross-classified data in education. However, when the focus of a study is on the regression coefficients at level one rather than on the random effects, ordinary least squares regression with cluster robust variance estimators (OLS-CRVE) or fixed effects regression with CRVE (FE-CRVE) could be appropriate approaches. These alternative methods may be advantageous because they rely on weaker assumptions than what is required by CCREM. We conducted a Monte Carlo Simulation study to compare the performance of CCREM, OLS-CRVE, and FE-CRVE in models with crossed random effects, including conditions where homoscedasticity assumptions and exogeneity assumptions held and conditions where they were violated. We found that CCREM performed the best when its assumptions are all met. However, when homoscedasticity assumptions are violated, OLS-CRVE and FE-CRVE provided similar or better performance than CCREM. FE-CRVE showed the best performance when the exogeneity assumption is violated. Thus, we recommend two-way FE-CRVE as a good alternative to CCREM, particularly if the homoscedasticity or exogeneity assumptions of the CCREM might be in doubt.

scholarly journals Providing laypeople with results from dynamic infectious disease modelling studies affects their allocation preference for scarce medical resources—a factorial experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Rübsamen ◽  
Benno Garcia Voges ◽  
Stefanie Castell ◽  
Carolina Judith Klett-Tammen ◽  
Jérôme Oppliger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Disease Modelling ◽  
Allocation Scheme ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Medical Resources ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Modelling Studies

Abstract BackgroundAllocation of scarce medical resources can be based on different principles. It has not yet been investigated which allocation schemes are preferred by medical laypeople in a particular situation of medical scarcity like an emerging infectious disease and how the choices are affected by providing information about expected population-level effects of the allocation scheme based on modelling studies.MethodsIn a two-way factorial experiment (n = 878 participants), we investigated if prognosis of the disease or information about expected effects on mortality at population-level (based on dynamic infectious disease modelling studies) influenced the choice of preferred allocation schemes for prevention and treatment of an unspecified sexually transmitted infection. A qualitative analysis of the reasons for choosing specific allocation schemes supplements our results.ResultsPresence of the factor “information about the population-level effects of the allocation scheme” substantially increased the probability of choosing a resource allocation system that minimized overall harm among the population, while prognosis did not affect allocation choices. The main reasons for choosing an allocation scheme differed among schemes, but did not differ among those who received additional model-based information on expected population-level effects and those who did not.ConclusionsProviding information on the expected population-level effects from dynamic infectious disease modelling studies resulted in a substantially different choice of allocation schemes. This finding supports the importance of incorporating model-based information in decision-making processes and communication strategies.

Legal family, cultural dimensions, and FDI

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Steigner ◽  
Marian K. Riedy ◽  
Antonina Bauman
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Source Country ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Legal Origin ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the interaction between legal origin and cultural distance and its impact on foreign direct investment (FDI) flows into the OECD. Design/methodology/approach Ordinary least squares regression analysis is used to evaluate FDI flows into OECD countries between 2003 and 2012. Estimations use fixed effects and clustered standard errors. Findings FDI flows from civil to common law countries are greater than vice versa. Further, cultural distance impacts FDI flows depending on the legal origin of the source country. Specifically, more FDI flows from civil and common law countries, when the host country has a higher (lower) power distance (individualism) score. Civil law countries send more FDI into countries with higher masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and indulgence scores and with lower long-term orientation scores. The opposite is the case with common law source countries. The findings remain robust for various changes to the sample selection. Research limitations/implications The concepts of cultural distance and legal origin have been criticized. However, neither concept has been rejected; rather, both concepts persist as robust empirical research tools. Practical implications Scholars, managers and investors can gauge the impact of cultural distance on FDI flows based on the legal family of the source country. Further, policy makers might want to consider rebranding their countries in terms of cultural perceptions to show the attractiveness of specific cultural dimensions to foreign companies and investors. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper that jointly investigates FDI, legal origin and national culture.

scholarly journals Extreme Temperatures and Firm-Level Stock Returns

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2004
Author(s):  
Jingbin He ◽  
Xinru Ma
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Induced Mood ◽  
The Impact

By linking stock returns with weather conditions from 2007 to 2019 in China, we study how firm-level stock returns react to extreme temperatures. Based on a multivariate ordinary least squares regression model with fixed effects, empirical results show that firm-level stock returns decrease with exposure to extreme temperatures. We further explore the heterogeneity in the temperature-return relation to enrich our understanding of the economic mechanism behind it. The impact of extreme temperatures on abnormal stock returns is more pronounced in smaller, younger, more volatile, less profitable firms and firms with more intangible assets. The results indicate that the investor mood likely plays a role in the extreme temperature effect. The impact of extreme temperatures holds after addressing a series of concerns. Overall, our paper provides additional firm-level evidence on the environment-induced mood effect in the stock market.

Unintended Birth and Children’s Long-term Mental Health

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Houston Su
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Pregnancy Intentions ◽  
Unintended Birth ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies

Research has examined the proximate effects of unintended birth on infants and young children, but we know relatively little about the longer-term effects. Given that unintended birth is associated with several childhood risk factors, it might set the stage for poor mental health in adulthood. Drawing on rich intergenerational survey data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 ( N = 3,742), this study used a variety of statistical techniques to examine whether maternal pregnancy intentions are associated with children’s depressive symptoms during early adulthood. Results from ordinary least squares regression suggest that children resulting from unintended pregnancies experienced more depressive symptoms in their 20s than children resulting from intended pregnancies, controlling for a host of characteristics. Results from propensity-weighted and sibling fixed-effects models suggest that there is little to no causal relationship, however. Much of the initial association between maternal fertility intentions and children’s depressive symptoms is attributed to the mother’s sociodemographic characteristics.

scholarly journals Anemia in Indian Men Predicts Fewer Work Hours and Lower Earnings: Evidence from Nationally Representative Health and Labor Surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1838-1838
Author(s):  
Samuel Scott ◽  
Anjali Pant ◽  
Phuong Nguyen ◽  
Harold Alderman ◽  
Kapil Yadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Indian Men

Abstract Objectives Anemia is globally recognized as an important public health problem in women and children, thus the consequences of anemia have predominantly been described in these two groups. India's large population, high anemia prevalence and male-dominated workforce imply that productivity consequences of anemia in men could have large implications. We sought to explore the association between local anemia rates and productivity outcomes in Indian men. Methods Data on anemia were from the 2015–2016 National Family Household Survey (NFHS) and data on productivity outcomes—number of hours works and total earnings in the last week—were from the 2017–2018 Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), for a combined sample of 245,073 men aged 15–54 years. NFHS was collapsed at three levels (district, urban/rural, and five-year age brackets; n = 9818) and then merged with the full PLFS sample to generate an analytical sample of 135,500 observations. We report sample means using survey weights. Individual-level productivity outcomes were regressed on means from the collapsed data using ordinary least squares regression, adjusting for state of residence, age and education. The primary predictor was anemia quintile, with anemia defined as hemoglobin below 130 g/L from a finger-prick blood sample. Results Anemia affected 23% of men aged 15–54 years in India in 2016 and was more common in rural (25%) than urban (19%) areas. On average, men worked 51.5 hours and earned 2430 Indian Rupees in the last week. In the adjusted models, being in the top quintile of anemia prevalence (ref: lowest quintile) predicted 2.1 fewer hours worked (95% CI 1.5–2.8) and 240 less rupees earned (95% CI 173–307) in the last week (P < 0.001 for both). These effects translate to 4% lost work hours and 10% lost earnings related to anemia. Conclusions Nearly one in four men are anemic in India and our findings suggest that anemia is associated with reduced productivity at the population level. Anemia reduction policies and programs in India should work toward the inclusion of men. Funding Sources Agriculture for Nutrition and Health/IFPRI.

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