scholarly journals The treatment of microbubble disease of 20th century cellulose acetate microfilm: application of ethyl cellulose and microrepair method

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihui Jia ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Yuhu Li ◽  
Yunpeng Qi ◽  
Daodao Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Cellulose ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Stainless Steel Needle ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Image Integrity

Abstract Microbubble disease observed in cellulose acetate microfilm is accompanied by the production of vinegar syndrome, which affects the image integrity. In the present study, samples of cellulose acetate microfilm with microbubble disease were selected to investigate potential treatment methods. Samples were sourced from the Republic of China (AD 1912–1949) microfilm collections held in the Second Historical Archives of China. A combination of optical microscopy and a stainless-steel needle was used to remove plasticizer exudation within microbubbles. The plasticizer was effectively removed by infiltrating butan-1-ol into the microbubble from a small hole made by the stainless-steel needle. SEM and confocal microscopy were used to study the morphology and roughness of the internal surface of the microbubbles. It was found that the blurry image could be attributed to light scattering from the rough surface. Ethyl cellulose was used to fill the interior of the microbubble to obtain a clearer image. To determine the protective potential of this filling material, the chemical and mechanical properties of coated film after dry heat, hygrothermal and UV accelerated ageing were measured. Based on the above-mentioned results, it is encouraging that a new microrepair method and its corresponding method are offered in film treatment work.

scholarly journals The Treatment of Microbubble Disease of 20th Century Cellulose Acetate Microfilm: Application of Ethyl cellulose and Microrepair Method

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihui Jia ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Yuhu Li ◽  
Yunpeng Qi ◽  
Daodao Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Cellulose ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Stainless Steel Needle ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Image Integrity

Abstract Microbubble disease observed in cellulose acetate microfilm is accompanied by the production of vinegar syndrome, which affects the image integrity. In the present study, samples of cellulose acetate microfilm with microbubble disease were selected to investigate potential treatment methods. Samples were sourced from the Republic of China (AD 1912-1949) microfilm collections held in the Second Historical Archives of China. A combination of optical microscopy and a stainless-steel needle was used to remove plasticizer exudation within microbubbles. The plasticizer was effectively removed by infiltrating butan-1-ol into the microbubble from a small hole made by the stainless-steel needle. SEM and confocal microscopy were used to study the morphology and roughness of the internal surface of the microbubbles. It was found that the blurry image could be attributed to light scattering from the rough surface. Ethyl cellulose was used to fill the interior of the microbubble to obtain a clearer image. To determine the protective potential of this filling material, the chemical and mechanical properties of coated film after dry heat, hygrothermal and UV accelerated ageing were measured. Based on the above-mentioned results, it is encouraging that a new microrepair method and its corresponding method are offered in film treatment work.

scholarly journals The Treatment of Microbubble Disease of 20th Century Cellulose Acetate Microfilm: Application of Ethyecellulose and Microrepair Method 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihui Jia ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Yuhu Li ◽  
Yunpeng Qi ◽  
Daodao Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Cellulose ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Stainless Steel Needle ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic

Abstract Microbubble disease observed in cellulose acetate microfilm was accompanied by the production of vinegar syndrome, which has a negative influence on the integrity of image. In the present study, cellulose acetate microfilm with microbubble disease from the Republic of China (AD 1912-1949) collected in the Second Historical Archives of China was chosen as a prototype to investigate its treatment methods. A combination of optical microscopy and a stainless-steel needle was used to remove plasticizer exudation within microbubbles. The plasticizer was effectively removed by infiltrating butan-1-ol into the microbubble from a small hole made by the stainless-steel needle. The SEM and laser confocal microscopy were used to study the morphology and roughness of the internal surface of microbubble. It was found that the blurry image could be attributed to the light scattering from the rough surface. Based on the advantages of ethyl cellulose in conservation science, the optimal concentration of ethyl cellulose was selected and used to fill the interior of the microbubble to obtain a clearer image. To determine the protective potential of this filling material, the chemical and mechanical properties of coated film after dry heat, hygrothermal and UV accelerated ageing were measured. Based on the above-mentioned results, it is encouraging that a new microrepair method and its corresponding method are offered in film treatment work.

scholarly journals The Treatment of Microbubble Disease of 20th Century Cellulose Acetate Microfilm: Application of Ethyecellulose and Microrepair Method

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihui Jia ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Yuhu Li ◽  
Yunpeng Qi ◽  
Daodao Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Cellulose ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Image Information ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Coated Film ◽  
Film Treatment ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Time

Abstract The microbubble disease of cellulose acetate microfilm is accompanied by the production of acetic acid syndrome, which has a negative influence on the integrity of image information. In the present study, cellulose acetate microfilm produced microbubble disease from the Republic of China (AD 1912-1949) collected in the Second Historical Archives of China is chosen as a prototype to study its treatment methods.A combination of optical microscopic and needle is carried out to remove plasticizer in microbubble for the first time. The plasticizer can be effectively removed by infiltrating n-butanol into the microbubble from a small hole broken by the needle. Owing to the unclear image information after plasticizer removed, the SEM and laser confocal microscopeare used to study the morphology and roughness of the inner surface of microbubble. It can be found that the unclear image informationis attributed to the light scattering from rough interface. Based on the advantages of ethyl cellulose in file protection, the optimal concentration of ethyl cellulose is selected and used to fill the interior of the microbubble to obtain clearer image information. To determine the protective potential of thisfilling materials,the chemical and mechanical properties of coated film after dry heat, hygrothermal andUVaccelerated aging are measured.Based on theabove-mentioned results, it is encouraging that a new microrepair method and its corresponding method are offered in film treatment work.

Overcoming Gas Sampling Problems: Analysis of Volatiles Using Capillary Column Needles

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 643f-643
Author(s):  
Weimin Deng ◽  
Randolph M. Beaudry
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Capillary Column ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Stainless Steel Capillary ◽  
Stainless Steel Needle ◽  
Injection Volume ◽  
Volatile Analysis ◽  
Gas Tight ◽  
Sampling Problems ◽  
Time Injection

Sampling factors that could affect gas chromatograph (GC) response for volatile analysis such as syringe pumping time, injection volume, needle length, temperature, and the type of volatile were investigated. Capillary GC column segments (steel and glass) were installed in gas-tight syringes and used as needles for volatile analysis. Standard stainless-steel needles were also used. Hexylacetate, ethyl-2-methylbutyrate, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and butanol standard were measured. The number of pumps required to maximize GC response for each needle–volatile combination was determined. Maximal GC response for hexylacetate using standard stainless steel, capillary glass, and capillary steel needles required 10, 20 and 30 pumps, respectively. However, for butanol measurement, the optimal syringe pump number was 5 to 10 for all needle types. The use of a capillary needle resulted in an increase in GC response in the range of 3- to 15-fold relative to a standard stainless steel needle. Injection volume affected GC response in a needle-and volatile-dependent manner. In no case did injection volume vs. GC response extrapolate through origin. The GC response for capillary column needles increased as temperature decreased. Capillary column needles may be useful tools for analysis of volatiles that readily partition into the column coating.

scholarly journals Application of Artificial Intelligence in COVID-19 Pandemic: Bibliometric Analysis

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Md. Mohaimenul Islam ◽  
Tahmina Nasrin Poly ◽  
Belal Alsinglawi ◽  
Li-Fong Lin ◽  
Shuo-Chen Chien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
R Package ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) to health has increased, including to COVID-19. This study aimed to provide a clear overview of COVID-19-related AI publication trends using longitudinal bibliometric analysis. A systematic literature search was conducted on the Web of Science for English language peer-reviewed articles related to AI application to COVID-19. A search strategy was developed to collect relevant articles and extracted bibliographic information (e.g., country, research area, sources, and author). VOSviewer (Leiden University) and Bibliometrix (R package) were used to visualize the co-occurrence networks of authors, sources, countries, institutions, global collaborations, citations, co-citations, and keywords. We included 729 research articles on the application of AI to COVID-19 published between 2020 and 2021. PLOS One (33/729, 4.52%), Chaos Solution Fractals (29/729, 3.97%), and Journal of Medical Internet Research (29/729, 3.97%) were the most common journals publishing these articles. The Republic of China (190/729, 26.06%), the USA (173/729, 23.73%), and India (92/729, 12.62%) were the most prolific countries of origin. The Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan University, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences were the most productive institutions. This is the first study to show a comprehensive picture of the global efforts to address COVID-19 using AI. The findings of this study also provide insights and research directions for academic researchers, policymakers, and healthcare practitioners who wish to collaborate in these domains in the future.

The Normalization of Sino-French Diplomatic Relations in 1964 and the Formation of the “One-China” Principle: Negotiations over Breaking French Diplomatic Relations with the Republic of China Government and the Recognition of the People’s Republic of China as the Sole Legitimate Government

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 252-271
Author(s):  
Madoka Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

AbstractThis article examines the substance and modification of the “One-China” principle, which the government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) pursued in the mid 1960s. Under this principle, a country wishing to establish diplomatic relations with the PRC was required first to break off such relations with the Republic of China (ROC). In 1964 the PRC established diplomatic relations with France. This was its first ambassadorial exchange with a Western government. The PRC, in the negotiations over the establishment of diplomatic relations, attempted to achieve some consensus with France on the matter of “One-China”. The PRC, nevertheless, had to abandon these attempts, even though it demanded fewer conditions of France than of the United States (USA), Japan and other Western countries in the 1970s. The PRC had demanded adherence to the “One-China” principle since 1949. France, however, refused to accept this condition. Nevertheless, the PRC established diplomatic relations with France before the latter broke off relations with the ROC. Subsequently, the PRC abandoned the same condition in negotiations with the African governments of the Republic of Congo, Central Africa, Dahomey and Mauritania. After the negotiations with France, the PRC began to insist that the joint communiqué on the establishment of diplomatic relations should clearly state that “the Government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legal government of China”. However, France refused to insert these words into the communiqué. Afterwards, the PRC nevertheless insisted on putting such a statement into the joint communiqués or exchanges of notes on the establishment of diplomatic relations with the African countries mentioned above. This was done in order to set precedents for making countries accede to the “One-China” principle. The “One-China” principle was, thus, gradually formed in the process of the negotiation and bargaining between the PRC and other governments.

Negotiating the Cold War: The United States and the Two Koreas

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 85-105
Author(s):  
Steven Hugh Lee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Korea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Agreed Framework ◽  
Peace Settlement ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Cold War

AbstractSince December 1997, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of Korea (ROK), and the United States have met in a series of talks aimed at promoting peace and stability on the Korean peninsula and in the region. According to a November 1998 U.S. Department of Defense report, the discussions have created a “diplomatic venue for reducing tensions and ultimately replacing the Armistice Agreement with a permanent peace settlement.”1 Amidst the tragic human suffering which has occurred in North Korea, there have been some encouraging developments on the peninsula. The 1994 Agreed Framework between the United States and North Korea placed international controls on North Korea’s atomic energy program and cautiously anticipated the normalization of U.S.-DPRK relations. Since assuming power in early 1998, South Korean President Kim Dae Jung has vigorously pursued a policy of engagement with P’yo¨ngyang, known as the “sunshine policy.” Over the past decade, North Korea has also reoriented its foreign policy. In the early 1990s, the regime’s social and economic crisis led to a rethinking of its autarkic economic system. By early 1994, the state had created new free trade zones and relatively open foreign investment laws.2 By complying with the Agreed Framework, the DPRK has also shown a willingness to work with the international community on sensitive issues affecting its internal sovereignty and ability to project power beyond its borders.

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