scholarly journals Beneficial effect of gelatin on iron gall ink corrosion

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Gimat ◽  
Anne Michelin ◽  
Pascale Massiani ◽  
Véronique Rouchon
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cellulosic Fibers ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Individual Paper ◽  
Paper Fibers ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
The Impact ◽  
X Ray Absorption

AbstractIron gall Inks corrosion causes paper degradation (browning, embrittlement) and treatments were developed to tackle this issue. They often include resizing with gelatin to reinforce the paper and its cellulosic fibers (of diameter approx. 10 µm). This work aimed at measuring the distribution of ink components at the scale of individual paper fibers so as to give a better understanding of the impact of gelatin (re-)sizing on iron gall ink corrosion. For this purpose, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) was used at the Canadian light source synchrotron (CLS, Saskatoon). This technique combines nano-scale mapping (resolution of 30 nm) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) analysis. Fe L-edge measurements enabled to map iron distribution and to locate iron(II) and iron(III) rich areas. N K-edge measurement made it possible to map gelatin distribution. C K-edge measurements allowed mapping and discrimination of cellulose, gallic acid, iron gall ink precipitate and gelatin. Three fibers were studied: an inked fiber with no size, a sized fiber that was afterwards inked and an inked fiber sprayed with gelatin. Analysis of gelatin and ink ingredients distribution indicated a lower amount of iron inside the treated cellulosic fiber, which may explain the beneficial effect of gelatin on iron gall ink corrosion.

scholarly journals Gelatin, a protective agent against iron gall ink corrosion?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Gimat ◽  
Anne Michelin ◽  
Pascale Massiani ◽  
Véronique Rouchon
Keyword(s):  
Mapping Technique ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Main Constituent ◽  
Cellulosic Fibers ◽  
Individual Paper ◽  
Water Affinity ◽  
Paper Fibers ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soluble Components

Abstract Iron gall Inks are known to promote paper degradation, thus jeopardizing the conservation of written Heritage. This phenomenon, also called iron gall ink corrosion, is not only governed by chemical reactions occurring between ink constituents and cellulose (the main constituent of paper) but also by the penetration of ink components inside the paper. This penetration depends on the ability of water and ink soluble components to migrate inside the sheet. This latter is composed of hydrophilic cellulosic fibers (of diameter approx. 10 µm) embedded in a size that lowers water affinity and thus makes it suitable for writing. This work aims to better understand the impact of gelatin size on iron gall ink corrosion by investigating the distribution of gelatin and ink components at the scale of individual paper fibers. STXM, a nano-scale mapping technique (resolution of 30 nm) that also allows NEXAFS analysis was used for this purpose. Fe L-edge measurements enabled to map iron distribution and to locate iron(II) and iron(III) rich areas. N K-edge measurement made it possible to map gelatin distribution. C K-edge measurements allowed mapping and discrimination of cellulose, gallic acid, iron gall ink precipitate and gelatin. Three fibers were studied: an inked fiber with no size, a sized fiber that was afterwards inked and an inked fiber sprayed with gelatin (to model the impact of conservation treatments that use gelatin as a re-sizing agent). Analysis of gelatin and ink ingredients distribution inside and outside the cellulosic fiber gave some clues to account for the limiting impact of gelatin on iron gall ink corrosion.

Chemical and orientational imaging of polymeric samples

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
H. Ade ◽  
B. Hsiao ◽  
G. Mitchell ◽  
E. Rightor ◽  
A. P. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Carbonyl Groups ◽  
Aromatic Rings ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Polymeric Samples ◽  
X Ray Absorption

We have used the Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope at beamline X1A (X1-STXM) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to acquire high resolution, chemical and orientation sensitive images of polymeric samples as well as point spectra from 0.1 μm areas. This sensitivity is achieved by exploiting the X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) of the carbon K edge. One of the most illustrative example of the chemical sensitivity achievable is provided by images of a polycarbonate/pol(ethylene terephthalate) (70/30 PC/PET) blend. Contrast reversal at high overall contrast is observed between images acquired at 285.36 and 285.69 eV (Fig. 1). Contrast in these images is achieved by exploring subtle differences between resonances associated with the π bonds (sp hybridization) of the aromatic groups of each polymer. PET has a split peak associated with these aromatic groups, due to the proximity of its carbonyl groups to its aromatic rings, whereas PC has only a single peak.

scholarly journals X-ray absorption spectroscopy elucidates the impact of structural disorder on electron mobility in amorphous zinc-tin-oxide thin films

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (24) ◽  
pp. 242113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sin Cheng Siah ◽  
Sang Woon Lee ◽  
Yun Seog Lee ◽  
Jaeyeong Heo ◽  
Tomohiro Shibata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Electron Mobility ◽  
Structural Disorder ◽  
Oxide Thin Films ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Zinc Tin Oxide ◽  
The Impact ◽  
X Ray Absorption

scholarly journals Spatially Resolved Characterization of Biogenic Manganese Oxide Production within a Bacterial Biofilm

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1300-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandy Toner ◽  
Sirine Fakra ◽  
Mario Villalobos ◽  
Tony Warwick ◽  
Garrison Sposito
Keyword(s):  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Nexafs Spectroscopy ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
X Ray Absorption

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas putida strain MnB1, a biofilm-forming bacterial culture, was used as a model for the study of bacterial Mn oxidation in freshwater and soil environments. The oxidation of aqueous Mn+2 [Mn+2 (aq)] by P. putida was characterized by spatially and temporally resolving the oxidation state of Mn in the presence of a bacterial biofilm, using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) combined with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy at the Mn L2,3 absorption edges. Subsamples were collected from growth flasks containing 0.1 and 1 mM total Mn at 16, 24, 36, and 48 h after inoculation. Immediately after collection, the unprocessed hydrated subsamples were imaged at a 40-nm resolution. Manganese NEXAFS spectra were extracted from X-ray energy sequences of STXM images (stacks) and fit with linear combinations of well-characterized reference spectra to obtain quantitative relative abundances of Mn(II), Mn(III), and Mn(IV). Careful consideration was given to uncertainty in the normalization of the reference spectra, choice of reference compounds, and chemical changes due to radiation damage. The STXM results confirm that Mn+2 (aq) was removed from solution by P. putida and was concentrated as Mn(III) and Mn(IV) immediately adjacent to the bacterial cells. The Mn precipitates were completely enveloped by bacterial biofilm material. The distribution of Mn oxidation states was spatially heterogeneous within and between the clusters of bacterial cells. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy is a promising tool for advancing the study of hydrated interfaces between minerals and bacteria, particularly in cases where the structure of bacterial biofilms needs to be maintained.

scholarly journals Diverse Chemical Mixing States of Aerosol Particles in the Southeastern United States

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Bondy ◽  
Daniel Bonanno ◽  
Ryan C. Moffet ◽  
Bingbing Wang ◽  
Alexander Laskin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Species ◽  
Accumulation Mode ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Internal Mixing ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol ◽  
Cloud Activation ◽  
Mixing States ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Individual Particles

Abstract. Aerosols in the atmosphere are chemically complex with thousands or more chemical species distributed in different proportions across individual particles in an aerosol population. An internal mixing assumption, with species present in the same proportions across all aerosols, is used in many models and calculations of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, cloud activation, and aerosol optical properties. However, many of these effects depend on the distribution of species within individual particles, and important information can be lost when internal mixtures are assumed. Herein, we show that during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) in Centreville, Alabama, at a rural, forested location, that aerosols frequently are not purely internally mixed, even in the accumulation mode (0.2–1.0 µm). A range of aerosol sources and mixing states were obtained using computer controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (CCSEM-EDX) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy-near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM-NEXAFS). Particles that were dominated by SOA and inorganic salts were the majority of particles by number fraction from 0.2–5 microns with an average of 78 % SOA in the accumulation mode. However, during certain periods contributions by sea spray aerosol (SSA) and mineral dust were significant to accumulation (22 % SSA and 26 % dust) and coarse mode number concentrations (38 % SSA and 63 % dust). The fraction of particles containing key elements (Na, Mg, K, Ca, and Fe) were determined as a function of size for specific classes of particles. Within internally mixed SOA/sulfate particles

scholarly journals Chemical Mapping of Polymer Microstructure Using Soft X-ray Spectromicroscopy

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam P. Hitchcock ◽  
Harald D. H. Stöver ◽  
Lisa M. Croll ◽  
Ronald F. Childs
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Polymer Surfaces ◽  
Chemical Mapping ◽  
Polymer Microstructure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Conducting Polymer Films

Recently, synchrotron-based soft X-ray spectromicroscopy techniques have been applied to studies of polymer microstructure at the ~50 nm spatial scale. Functional group based chemical speciation and quantitative mapping is provided by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectral (NEXAFS) contrast. The techniques, sample data, and analysis methods of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM) are outlined. The capabilities of STXM are illustrated by results from recent studies of (a) controlled release microcapsules and microspheres, (b) microcapsules being developed for gene therapy applications, (c) conducting polymer films studied in the presence of electrolyte and under potential control, and (d) studies of protein interactions with patterned polymer surfaces. In the latter area, the capabilities of STXM and X-PEEM are compared directly.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of starch, proteins and lipids in maize endosperm probed by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Rivard ◽  
Benedicte Bakan ◽  
Claire Boulogne ◽  
Khalil Elmorjani ◽  
Sufal Swaraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Maize Endosperm ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Nexafs Spectroscopy ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Main Components ◽  
X Ray Absorption

The main storage components of the maize endosperm are starch, proteins and lipids. Starch and proteins are heterogeneously deposited, leading to the formation of vitreous and floury regions at the periphery and at the centre of the endosperm. The vitreous/floury mass ratio is a key physical parameter of maize end-uses for the food, feed and non-food sectors, as well as for the resistance of seeds to environmental aggressions. To improve maize breeding for vitreousness, one of the main issues is to finely delineate the molecular and physicochemical mechanisms associated with the formation of endosperm texture. In this context, we use scanning transmission X-ray microscopy at the C K-edge on maize endosperm resin-embedded ultrathin sections. The combination of local near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and high-resolution images enable us to achieve a quantitative fine description of the spatial distribution of the main components within the endosperm.

scholarly journals Application of Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy to the Rubber Industry

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Winesett ◽  
H. Ade ◽  
A. P. Smith ◽  
S. G. Urquhart ◽  
A. J. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Chemical Sensitivity ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Complex Morphology ◽  
Component Systems ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Beam Damage

Abstract Materials of commercial significance in the rubber industry are usually multi-component systems composed of several elastomers and various fillers. Elucidating the complex morphology that can arise from blending and understanding how this affects the various properties are essential. A technique advantageous to the study of multi-component elastomeric systems is Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM). STXM utilizes the chemical sensitivity of Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) and combines with relatively high spatial resolution and low beam damage to allow the successful characterization of multi-component materials that may be difficult or impossible with other techniques. An overview of the technique and example applications for the rubber industry is presented.

Calculating absorption dose when X-ray irradiation modifies material quantity and chemistry

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viatcheslav Berejnov ◽  
Boris Rubinstein ◽  
Lis G. A. Melo ◽  
Adam P. Hitchcock
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Speciation ◽  
New Approach ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Versatile Tool ◽  
Solid Film ◽  
Simplifying Assumptions ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Sensitive Parameters ◽  
X Ray Absorption

X-ray absorption is a sensitive and versatile tool for chemical speciation. However, when high doses are used, the absorbed energy can change the composition, amount and structure of the native material, thereby changing the aspects of the absorption process on which speciation is based. How can one calculate the dose when X-ray irradiation affects the chemistry and changes the amount of the material? This paper presents an assumption-free approach which can retrieve from the experimental data all dose-sensitive parameters – absorption coefficients, composition (elemental molecular units), material densities – which can then be used to calculate accurate doses as a function of irradiation. This approach is illustrated using X-ray damage to a solid film of a perfluorosulfonic acid fluoropolymer in a scanning transmission soft X-ray microscope. This new approach is compared against existing dose models which calculate the dose by making simplifying assumptions regarding the material quantity, density and chemistry. While the detailed measurements used in this approach go beyond typical methods to experimental analytical X-ray absorption, they provide a more accurate quantitation of radiation dose, and help to understand mechanisms of radiation damage.

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