scholarly journals Gelatin, a protective agent against iron gall ink corrosion?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Gimat ◽  
Anne Michelin ◽  
Pascale Massiani ◽  
Véronique Rouchon
Keyword(s):  
Mapping Technique ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Main Constituent ◽  
Cellulosic Fibers ◽  
Individual Paper ◽  
Water Affinity ◽  
Paper Fibers ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soluble Components

Abstract Iron gall Inks are known to promote paper degradation, thus jeopardizing the conservation of written Heritage. This phenomenon, also called iron gall ink corrosion, is not only governed by chemical reactions occurring between ink constituents and cellulose (the main constituent of paper) but also by the penetration of ink components inside the paper. This penetration depends on the ability of water and ink soluble components to migrate inside the sheet. This latter is composed of hydrophilic cellulosic fibers (of diameter approx. 10 µm) embedded in a size that lowers water affinity and thus makes it suitable for writing. This work aims to better understand the impact of gelatin size on iron gall ink corrosion by investigating the distribution of gelatin and ink components at the scale of individual paper fibers. STXM, a nano-scale mapping technique (resolution of 30 nm) that also allows NEXAFS analysis was used for this purpose. Fe L-edge measurements enabled to map iron distribution and to locate iron(II) and iron(III) rich areas. N K-edge measurement made it possible to map gelatin distribution. C K-edge measurements allowed mapping and discrimination of cellulose, gallic acid, iron gall ink precipitate and gelatin. Three fibers were studied: an inked fiber with no size, a sized fiber that was afterwards inked and an inked fiber sprayed with gelatin (to model the impact of conservation treatments that use gelatin as a re-sizing agent). Analysis of gelatin and ink ingredients distribution inside and outside the cellulosic fiber gave some clues to account for the limiting impact of gelatin on iron gall ink corrosion.

scholarly journals Beneficial effect of gelatin on iron gall ink corrosion

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Gimat ◽  
Anne Michelin ◽  
Pascale Massiani ◽  
Véronique Rouchon
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cellulosic Fibers ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Individual Paper ◽  
Paper Fibers ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
The Impact ◽  
X Ray Absorption

AbstractIron gall Inks corrosion causes paper degradation (browning, embrittlement) and treatments were developed to tackle this issue. They often include resizing with gelatin to reinforce the paper and its cellulosic fibers (of diameter approx. 10 µm). This work aimed at measuring the distribution of ink components at the scale of individual paper fibers so as to give a better understanding of the impact of gelatin (re-)sizing on iron gall ink corrosion. For this purpose, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) was used at the Canadian light source synchrotron (CLS, Saskatoon). This technique combines nano-scale mapping (resolution of 30 nm) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) analysis. Fe L-edge measurements enabled to map iron distribution and to locate iron(II) and iron(III) rich areas. N K-edge measurement made it possible to map gelatin distribution. C K-edge measurements allowed mapping and discrimination of cellulose, gallic acid, iron gall ink precipitate and gelatin. Three fibers were studied: an inked fiber with no size, a sized fiber that was afterwards inked and an inked fiber sprayed with gelatin. Analysis of gelatin and ink ingredients distribution indicated a lower amount of iron inside the treated cellulosic fiber, which may explain the beneficial effect of gelatin on iron gall ink corrosion.

scholarly journals Post-Processing Techniques for the Improvement of Liposome Stability

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1023
Author(s):  
Ji Young Yu ◽  
Piyanan Chuesiang ◽  
Gye Hwa Shin ◽  
Hyun Jin Park
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Additional Process ◽  
Spray Freeze Drying ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Self Aggregation ◽  
Liposome Stability

Liposomes have been utilized as a drug delivery system to increase the bioavailability of drugs and to control the rate of drug release at the target site of action. However, the occurrence of self-aggregation, coalescence, flocculation and the precipitation of aqueous liposomes during formulation or storage can cause degradation of the vesicle structure, leading to the decomposition of liposomes. To increase the stability of liposomes, post-processing techniques have been applied as an additional process to liposomes after formulation to remove water and generate dry liposome particles with a higher stability and greater accessibility for drug administration in comparison with aqueous liposomes. This review covers the effect of these techniques including freeze drying, spray drying and spray freeze drying on the stability, physicochemical properties and drug encapsulation efficiency of dry liposomes. The parameters affecting the properties of liposomes during the drying process are also highlighted in this review. In addition, the impact of using a protective agent to overcome such limitations of each process is thoroughly discussed through various studies.

scholarly journals Physical handsheet properties of pulp furnishes containing attritor-treated fibers

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
David Knox ◽  
Peter W. Hart ◽  
Humphrey Moynihan ◽  
Nichole Kilgore
Keyword(s):  
Small Particle ◽  
Pulp Fibers ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Particle Generation ◽  
Cellulosic Fibers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dry Processing ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Wet Processing ◽  
The Impact

Several articles have been published during the past 30 years on different methods to produce micro- to nanosize cellulose particles from pulp. Unfortunately, a general lack of information exists on the impact of differing manufacturing process methods upon the product properties obtained from these differing methods. Literature data show that wet processing of small-sized cellulosic fibers generates handsheets with approximately equal or higher density and modulus of elasticity than controls for a given amount of added microcellulose. The current work evaluated small particle generation from pulp fibers via dry processing methods and compared the physical properties of dry versus wet processed particles. Dry processing to obtain microcellulose gave considerably lower sheet density and modulus as compared with wet processed microcellulose. The lower modulus can be compensated for by refining base fibers more aggressively to obtain higher density and higher modulus sheets. Dry processing methods for making microcellulose and their impact on final board properties, including modulus and smoothness, will be discussed.

scholarly journals Establishing a Developmentally Appropriate fMRI Paradigm Relevant to Presurgical Mapping of Memory in Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-274
Author(s):  
Amanda G. Wood ◽  
Elaine Foley ◽  
Parnpreet Virk ◽  
Helen Ruddock ◽  
Paras Joshee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Developmentally Appropriate ◽  
Mapping Technique ◽  
Normal Representation ◽  
Hemispheric Specialisation ◽  
Eloquent Cortex ◽  
The Impact

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an established eloquent cortex mapping technique that is now an integral part of the pre-operative work-up in candidates for epilepsy surgery. Emerging evidence in adults with epilepsy suggests that material-specific fMRI paradigms can predict postoperative memory outcomes, however these paradigms are not suitable for children. In pediatric age, the use of memory fMRI paradigms designed for adults is complicated by the effect of developmental stages in cognitive maturation, the impairment experienced by some people with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and the normal representation of memory function during development, which may differ from adults. We present a memory fMRI paradigm designed to activate mesial temporal lobe structures that is brief, independent of reading ability, and therefore a novel candidate for use in children. Data from 33 adults and 19 children (all healthy controls) show that the paradigm captures the expected leftward asymmetry of mesial temporal activation in adults. A more symmetrical pattern was observed in children, consistent with the progressive emergence of hemispheric specialisation across childhood. These data have important implications for the interpretation of presurgical memory fMRI in the pediatric setting. They also highlight the need to carefully consider the impact of cognitive development on fMRI tools used in clinical practice.

Biorefinery in a pulp mill: simultaneous production of cellulosic fibers from Eucalyptus globulus by soda-anthraquinone cooking and surface-active agents

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Sanglard ◽  
Christine Chirat ◽  
Bevan Jarman ◽  
Dominique Lachenal
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Oxygen Delignification ◽  
Cellulosic Fibers ◽  
Surface Active Agents ◽  
Cooking Temperature ◽  
Kraft Cooking ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Industrial Eucalyptus globulus wood chips were submitted to different autohydrolysis conditions followed by kraft cooking and soda-anthraquinone cooking. The autohydrolyzed wood chips were much easier to delignify than the control wood chips. Soda-anthraquinone cooking could be performed at a cooking temperature that was 20°C lower than that for the kraft cooking on control wood chips. Furthermore, the active alkali could be reduced. The resulting unbleached pulps reacted as well to oxygen delignification as the control pulps and could be further bleached to 90% ISO brightness with a D(EP)D sequence. The autohydrolysis liquors were investigated for their suitability as a source for the synthesis of alkylpolyxylosides (APX). These surface-active agents are synthesized through the reaction between the saccharides of the autohydrolysates and a fatty alcohol, with the former being the hydrophilic and the latter being the hydrophobic part of the molecule. The impact of the substances detected in autohydrolysates on the APX synthesis was studied. It was demonstrated that lignin dissolved during autohydrolysis should at least partially be removed before the production of APX.

Effects of the Ratio of Surface Protective Agent on the Preparation of Nano-Silver

2012 ◽  
Vol 624 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
Feng Rui Zhai ◽  
Yi Ming Liu ◽  
Jian Ping Yuan ◽  
Hong Wei Zhang ◽  
Zhong Zhou Yi
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Silver Powder ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Solution Viscosity ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Nano Silver ◽  
Phase Reduction ◽  
The Impact

It has many advantages with liquid phase reduction method to prepare the nano-silver, such as experimental conditions are simple, low cost, energy-saving, etc.. At the same time, the nano silver powder prepared by this method has high surface activity, catalytic property and wide usage. In this paper, nano-silver powder was prepared by changing the amount of protective agents with chemical liquid phase reduction method. This paper focuses on the impact of the amount of protective agent on the nano-silver. In addition, we also analyzed the reaction temperature, PH value of solution, viscosity and electrical conductivity on the preparation of nano-silver. Finally, test results from the TEM shows that the nano-silver was prepared with smaller size, uniform size and good dispersion.

scholarly journals Article-level metrics and what they tell us about the impact of PLOS publications

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damian Pattinson
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Citation Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Web Tools ◽  
Individual Paper ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Early Activity

PLOS launched its Article-Level Metrics (ALMs) programme in 2009 as an alternative to the crude journal-level metrics that scientists have relied upon for so long to identify important research. ALMs allow readers to see how many views, downloads, citations and shares an individual paper has received, and thus to determine its impact on a field. Over the past year, the ALMs programme has been expanded to include social media information, such as Facebook likes and Tweets, and novel web tools such as Mendeley and Citeulike. Researchers are now using this information to examine the links between early activity indicators and long-term citation data, and to identify what tools best predict truly impactful research. In this session I will present the latest additions to PLOS's ALMs suite, and show some data on what these metrics tell us about the impact of papers published in PLOS journals.

scholarly journals The Use of SAR Offset Tracking for Detecting Sand Dune Movement in Sudan

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3410
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mutasim Abdalla Mahmoud ◽  
Alessandro Novellino ◽  
Ekbal Hussain ◽  
Stuart Marsh ◽  
Panagiotis Psimoulis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Mapping Technique ◽  
Dune Field ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Sand Movement ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Offset Tracking ◽  
The Impact

Sand movement is one of the main environmental hazards in Northern Sudan that threaten livelihood and rural communities. This paper investigates for the first time the use of the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) offset tracking technique for detecting sand movement in Northern Sudan, and distinguishes the impact of the movement influencing factors: wind speed/direction, vegetation and topography. High-resolution images from the Sentinel-1 satellite were used for the generation of displacement maps. Three different dune fields with different characteristics were investigated for a study period between 4 June and 14 October 2017 (133 days). Dune field 1 is vegetated and near a built-up area, dune field 2 is in an open environment with sand dunes overlaying rocky substrate, and dune field 3 is located near mountains. The cumulative east displacement over the study period was 1.8 m, −1.1 m and 4.8 m for the three dune fields, respectively, while the cumulative north displacement was 0.7 m, 2.9 m and 4.2 m. Large movement is detected in the non-vegetated dune fields, with an average dune velocity of 0.18 m/d, while the vegetated dune field had a velocity of 0.09 m/d, which emphasizes the fact that vegetation is an effective stabiliser of dune movement. The pixel offset results showed a positive correlation between the wind speed/direction and the dune movement. In addition to vegetation, topography also played a major role in diverting the direction of the blown sand mainly near the edges to the mountains and the vegetation barriers. This technique showed high competency in monitoring the movement of sand dunes, in addition to identifying areas exposed to large sand drifting as a risk mapping technique.

scholarly journals Nutrients in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Interaction of Diet, Drugs and Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Imindu Liyanage ◽  
Prachi Vilekar ◽  
Donald F. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Dietary Preferences ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Potential Therapeutics ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

AbstractIn recent decades, clinical trials in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have failed at an unprecedented rate. The etiology of AD has since come under renewed scrutiny, both to elucidate the underlying pathologies and to identify novel therapeutic strategies. Here, diet has emerged as a potential causative/protective agent. A variety of nutrients, including lipids, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and sugars as well as broader dietary patterns and microbiotal interactions have demonstrated associations with AD. Although clinical trials have yet to definitively implicate any singular dietary element as therapeutic or causative, it is apparent that dietary preferences, likely in complex synergies, may influence the risk, onset and course of AD. This review catalogs the impact of major dietary elements on AD. It further examines an unexplored reciprocal association where AD may modulate diet, as well as how potential therapeutics may complicate these interactions. In doing so, we observe diet may have profound effects on the outcome of a clinical trial, either as a confounder of a drug/disease interaction or as a generally disruptive covariate. We therefore conclude that future clinical trials in AD should endeavor to control for diet, either in study design or subsequent analyses.

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