scholarly journals Application of Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy to the Rubber Industry

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Winesett ◽  
H. Ade ◽  
A. P. Smith ◽  
S. G. Urquhart ◽  
A. J. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Chemical Sensitivity ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Complex Morphology ◽  
Component Systems ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Beam Damage

Abstract Materials of commercial significance in the rubber industry are usually multi-component systems composed of several elastomers and various fillers. Elucidating the complex morphology that can arise from blending and understanding how this affects the various properties are essential. A technique advantageous to the study of multi-component elastomeric systems is Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM). STXM utilizes the chemical sensitivity of Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) and combines with relatively high spatial resolution and low beam damage to allow the successful characterization of multi-component materials that may be difficult or impossible with other techniques. An overview of the technique and example applications for the rubber industry is presented.

Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy of Curative and Filler Migration of Inner Liner Compounds

2007 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
D. A. Winesett ◽  
A. H. Tsou
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Distribution Mapping ◽  
Similar Materials ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Beam Damage

Abstract Materials of significance in the rubber industry generally consist of a complex blend of elastomers, fillers, curing agents and other additives. Elucidating the complex microstructure-to-property relationship of these materials is essential for optimal product development. This requires characterization techniques that are capable to differentiate, map, and quantify these similar materials with sufficiently high spatial resolution. A technique that can provide such chemical microspeciation is Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM). STXM is a beamline based microscopy that utilizes the chemical specificity of Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) combined with zone plate optics to achieve high spatial resolution (< 50 nm) and low beam damage to allow the successful characterization of multi-component materials that would be difficult or impossible with other techniques. A brief introduction to the technique will be presented along with example applications showing curative and filler distribution mapping in multi-component elastomeric systems.

scholarly journals Spatially Resolved Characterization of Biogenic Manganese Oxide Production within a Bacterial Biofilm

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1300-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandy Toner ◽  
Sirine Fakra ◽  
Mario Villalobos ◽  
Tony Warwick ◽  
Garrison Sposito
Keyword(s):  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Nexafs Spectroscopy ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
X Ray Absorption

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas putida strain MnB1, a biofilm-forming bacterial culture, was used as a model for the study of bacterial Mn oxidation in freshwater and soil environments. The oxidation of aqueous Mn+2 [Mn+2 (aq)] by P. putida was characterized by spatially and temporally resolving the oxidation state of Mn in the presence of a bacterial biofilm, using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) combined with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy at the Mn L2,3 absorption edges. Subsamples were collected from growth flasks containing 0.1 and 1 mM total Mn at 16, 24, 36, and 48 h after inoculation. Immediately after collection, the unprocessed hydrated subsamples were imaged at a 40-nm resolution. Manganese NEXAFS spectra were extracted from X-ray energy sequences of STXM images (stacks) and fit with linear combinations of well-characterized reference spectra to obtain quantitative relative abundances of Mn(II), Mn(III), and Mn(IV). Careful consideration was given to uncertainty in the normalization of the reference spectra, choice of reference compounds, and chemical changes due to radiation damage. The STXM results confirm that Mn+2 (aq) was removed from solution by P. putida and was concentrated as Mn(III) and Mn(IV) immediately adjacent to the bacterial cells. The Mn precipitates were completely enveloped by bacterial biofilm material. The distribution of Mn oxidation states was spatially heterogeneous within and between the clusters of bacterial cells. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy is a promising tool for advancing the study of hydrated interfaces between minerals and bacteria, particularly in cases where the structure of bacterial biofilms needs to be maintained.

Correlative electron and X-ray microscopy: probing chemistry and bonding with high spatial resolution

Nanoscale ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1534-1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela E. Goode ◽  
Alexandra E. Porter ◽  
Mary P. Ryan ◽  
David W. McComb
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
X Ray Absorption

Benefits and challenges of correlative spectroscopy: electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM-EELS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM-XAS).

EXELFS Studies of Carbon Fibers

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
V. Serin ◽  
K. Hssein ◽  
G. Zanchi ◽  
J. Sévely
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Electron Excitation ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
High Modulus ◽  
Promising Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fine Structures ◽  
X Ray Absorption

The present developments of electron energy analysis in the microscopes by E.E.L.S. allow an accurate recording of the spectra and of their different complex structures associated with the inner shell electron excitation by the incident electrons (1). Among these structures, the Extended Energy Loss Fine Structures (EXELFS) are of particular interest. They are equivalent to the well known EXAFS oscillations in X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Due to the EELS characteristic, the Fourier analysis of EXELFS oscillations appears as a promising technique for the characterization of composite materials, the major constituents of which are low Z elements. Using EXELFS, we have developed a microstructural study of carbon fibers. This analysis concerns the carbon K edge, which appears in the spectra at 285 eV. The purpose of the paper is to compare the local short range order, determined by this way in the case of Courtauld HTS and P100 ex-polyacrylonitrile carbon fibers, which are high tensile strength (HTS) and high modulus (HM) fibers respectively.

Chemical and orientational imaging of polymeric samples

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
H. Ade ◽  
B. Hsiao ◽  
G. Mitchell ◽  
E. Rightor ◽  
A. P. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Carbonyl Groups ◽  
Aromatic Rings ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Polymeric Samples ◽  
X Ray Absorption

We have used the Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope at beamline X1A (X1-STXM) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to acquire high resolution, chemical and orientation sensitive images of polymeric samples as well as point spectra from 0.1 μm areas. This sensitivity is achieved by exploiting the X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) of the carbon K edge. One of the most illustrative example of the chemical sensitivity achievable is provided by images of a polycarbonate/pol(ethylene terephthalate) (70/30 PC/PET) blend. Contrast reversal at high overall contrast is observed between images acquired at 285.36 and 285.69 eV (Fig. 1). Contrast in these images is achieved by exploring subtle differences between resonances associated with the π bonds (sp hybridization) of the aromatic groups of each polymer. PET has a split peak associated with these aromatic groups, due to the proximity of its carbonyl groups to its aromatic rings, whereas PC has only a single peak.

High Spatial Resolution Compositional Analysis at Interfaces

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 356-359
Author(s):  
John B. Vander Sande ◽  
Thomas F. Kelly ◽  
Douglas Imeson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Thin Specimen ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Volume Of Interest ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

In the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) a fine probe of electrons is scanned across the thin specimen, or the probe is stationarily placed on a volume of interest, and various products of the electron-specimen interaction are then collected and used for image formation or microanalysis. The microanalysis modes usually employed in STEM include, but are not restricted to, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and microdiffraction.

scholarly journals Database of ab initio L-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiming Chen ◽  
Chi Chen ◽  
Chen Zheng ◽  
Shyam Dwaraknath ◽  
Matthew K. Horton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Scattering Theory ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Metal Compounds ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Initial Release ◽  
Computational Workflow ◽  
X Ray Absorption

AbstractThe L-edge X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) is widely used in the characterization of transition metal compounds. Here, we report the development of a database of computed L-edge XANES using the multiple scattering theory-based FEFF9 code. The initial release of the database contains more than 140,000 L-edge spectra for more than 22,000 structures generated using a high-throughput computational workflow. The data is disseminated through the Materials Project and addresses a critical need for L-edge XANES spectra among the research community.

Characterization of Silver Binding in Cryptomelane by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

1998 ◽  
Vol 524 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ravikumar ◽  
D. W. Fuerstenau ◽  
G. A. Waychunas
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Oxide ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Oxide Phase ◽  
Synthetic Sample ◽  
Temperature Spectrum ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Room Temperature Sample ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Temperature Sample

ABSTRACTUsing silver K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, two different samples of silver-containing manganese oxide were analyzed in the fluorescence mode. For the first sample, silver ions from solution were sorbed onto one synthetic manganese oxide phase, namely cryptomelane (KxMn8O16, where l<x<2). The second sample was a silvermanganese oxide from Colorado. From the EXAFS analysis, silver was found to occupy two different sites in the synthetic sample. The natural samples from Colorado also exhibited a very similar coordination distances as the synthetic samples. In the low temperature spectrum of the synthetic sample at 10 K, the Ag-O peak was found to be missing and the amplitude of the Ag- Ag peak was approximately three times larger than the corresponding room temperature sample.

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