scholarly journals Study on the causes of secondary cracks of the eave wall mural of Daxiong Hall at Fengguo Temple in Yixian, Liaoning, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Liu ◽  
Yuan He ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Fei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Thermal Imager ◽  
Environmental Monitoring System ◽  
Secondary Cracks ◽  
World Cultural Heritage ◽  
The Yuan Dynasty

AbstractBuilt in Kaitai 9 years after the beginning of the Liao Dynasty (1020 A.D.), the Daxiong Hall of Fengguo Temple (Yixian County, Liaoning Province) is one of China’s largest existing ancient single-eave wooden architecture structures. In 2012, it was listed on the “Preliminary List of World Cultural Heritage in China.” Preserved Buddhist murals depicting the Yuan Dynasty cover approximately 470 m2 of the hall’s four walls. Since the in-situ reinforcement and protection of the mural, conducted in the 1980s in cooperation with the maintenance and restoration project of the main hall, seriously developed cracks—known as secondary cracks—have become a primary factor affecting the mural’s structural stability. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation using a full-frame digital camera, an industrial endoscope, an infrared thermal imager, an online environmental monitoring system, and a three-dimensional laser scanner. Our results, and other relevant materials, allowed us to deepen our understanding of the existing structural features, the nature of the cracks, the deformation conditions, and the environmental characteristics of the mural. Moreover, we provide a further discussion on the macroscopic formation process of the secondary cracks.

scholarly journals Study on the Causes of Secondary Cracks of the Eave Wall Mural of Daxiong Hall at Fengguo Temple in Yixian, Liaoning, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Liu ◽  
Yuan He ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Fei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Thermal Imager ◽  
Secondary Cracks ◽  
Liao Dynasty ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Infrared Thermal Imager

Abstract Built in Kaitai nine years of Liao Dynasty (1020 A.D.), the Daxiong Hall of Fengguo Temple in Yixian County, Liaoning Province, is one of the largest existing ancient single-eave wooden structure in China. There are nearly 470m 2 murals of Yuan Dynasty on the four walls of the hall. Since the in-situ reinforcement and protection of the mural were carried out in the 1980s in cooperation with the maintenance and restoration project of the main hall, the seriously developed cracks have become the primary factor affecting the structural stability of the mural. In order to find out the macroscopic causes of secondary cracks, endoscope, infrared thermal imager, three-dimensional laser scanner and other equipment were applied to study the relations between cracks’ attitude and structural defects of the eave wall, as well as the pathway that external environment act on the mural noumenon through comprehensive investigation, and the idea of restoring the stability of the mural by blocking the air channel and offsetting the environmental stress is put forward.

scholarly journals A COMPARISON OF LOW-COST CAMERAS APPLIED TO FIXED MULTI-IMAGE MONITORING SYSTEMS

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B2-2020 ◽  
pp. 1033-1040
Author(s):  
N. Bruno ◽  
K. Thoeni ◽  
F. Diotri ◽  
M. Santise ◽  
R. Roncella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Reconstruction Error ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Camera Systems ◽  
Camera Module ◽  
Image Monitoring

Abstract. Photogrammetry is becoming a widely used technique for slope monitoring and rock fall data collection. Its scalability, simplicity of components and low costs for hardware and operations makes its use constantly increasing for both civil and mining applications. Recent on site permanent installation of cameras resulted particularly viable for the monitoring of extended surfaces at very reasonable costs. The current work investigates the performances of a customised Raspberry Pi camera module V2 system and three additional low-cost camera systems including an ELP-USB8MP02G camera module, a compact digital camera (Nikon S3100) and a DSLR (Nikon D3). All system, except the Nikon D3, are available at comparable price. The comparison was conducted by collecting images of rock surfaces, one located in Australia and three located in Italy, from distances between 55 and 110 m. Results are presented in terms of image quality and three dimensional reconstruction error. Thereby, the multi-view reconstructions are compared to a reference model acquired with a terrestrial laser scanner.

scholarly journals DATA INTEGRATION ACQUIRED FROM MICRO-UAV AND TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER FOR THE 3D MAPPING OF JESUIT RUINS OF SÃO MIGUEL DAS MISSÕES

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B5 ◽  
pp. 315-321
Author(s):  
M. L. L. Reiss ◽  
R. S. da Rocha ◽  
R. S. Ferraz ◽  
V. C. Cruz ◽  
L. Q. Morador ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Terrestrial Lidar ◽  
Multiple Sensors ◽  
Three Dimensional Mapping ◽  
World Cultural Heritage ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Rotary Wing ◽  
The Church ◽  
Better Than

The Jesuit Missions the Guaranis were one of the great examples of cultural, social, and scientific of the eighteenth century, which had its decline from successive wars that followed the exchange of territories domain occupied by Portugal and Spain with the Madrid Treaty of January 13, 1750. One of the great examples of this development is materialized in the ruins of 30 churches and villages that remain in a territory that now comprises part of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. These Churches, São Miguel das Missões is among the Brazilian ruins, the best preserved. The ruins of São Miguel das Missões were declared a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage in 1983 and the Institute of National Historical Heritage (IPHAN) is the Brazilian Federal agency that manages and maintains this heritage. In order to produce a geographic database to assist the IPHAN in the management of the Ruins of São Miguel das Missões it was proposed a three-dimensional mapping of these ruins never performed in this location before. The proposal is integrated data acquired from multiple sensors: two micro-UAV, an Asctec Falcon 8 (rotary wing) and a Sensefly e-Bee (fixed wing); photos from terrestrial cameras; two terrestrial LIDAR sensors, one Faro Focus 3D S-120 and Optec 3D-HD ILRIS. With this abundance of sensors has been possible to perform comparisons and integration of the acquired data, and produce a 3D reconstruction of the church with high completeness and accuracy (better than 25 mm), as can be seen in the presentation of this work.

scholarly journals DATA INTEGRATION ACQUIRED FROM MICRO-UAV AND TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER FOR THE 3D MAPPING OF JESUIT RUINS OF SÃO MIGUEL DAS MISSÕES

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B5 ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. L. Reiss ◽  
R. S. da Rocha ◽  
R. S. Ferraz ◽  
V. C. Cruz ◽  
L. Q. Morador ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Terrestrial Lidar ◽  
Multiple Sensors ◽  
Three Dimensional Mapping ◽  
World Cultural Heritage ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Rotary Wing ◽  
The Church ◽  
Better Than

The Jesuit Missions the Guaranis were one of the great examples of cultural, social, and scientific of the eighteenth century, which had its decline from successive wars that followed the exchange of territories domain occupied by Portugal and Spain with the Madrid Treaty of January 13, 1750. One of the great examples of this development is materialized in the ruins of 30 churches and villages that remain in a territory that now comprises part of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. These Churches, São Miguel das Missões is among the Brazilian ruins, the best preserved. The ruins of São Miguel das Missões were declared a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage in 1983 and the Institute of National Historical Heritage (IPHAN) is the Brazilian Federal agency that manages and maintains this heritage. In order to produce a geographic database to assist the IPHAN in the management of the Ruins of São Miguel das Missões it was proposed a three-dimensional mapping of these ruins never performed in this location before. The proposal is integrated data acquired from multiple sensors: two micro-UAV, an Asctec Falcon 8 (rotary wing) and a Sensefly e-Bee (fixed wing); photos from terrestrial cameras; two terrestrial LIDAR sensors, one Faro Focus 3D S-120 and Optec 3D-HD ILRIS. With this abundance of sensors has been possible to perform comparisons and integration of the acquired data, and produce a 3D reconstruction of the church with high completeness and accuracy (better than 25 mm), as can be seen in the presentation of this work.

scholarly journals A Method for 3D Reconstruction of the Ming and Qing Official-Style Roof Using a Decorative Components Template Library

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 570
Author(s):  
Pengpeng Huo ◽  
Miaole Hou ◽  
Youqiang Dong ◽  
Aiqun Li ◽  
Yuhang Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Modeling ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Cloud Data ◽  
Ming And Qing Dynasties ◽  
Template Library ◽  
3D Point Cloud Reconstruction

The ancient roof decorative components of the official-style architectures from the Ming and Qing dynasties in China hold both physical and symbolic significance. These roof structures are the essential objects in three-dimensional (3D) modeling of ancient architectures for traditional Chinese cultural preservation. Although ancient architectures can be surveyed by a 3D laser scanner, the complex geometry and diverse pattern of their roof decorative components make the 3D point cloud reconstruction challenging, or at some points, nearly impossible in a fully automated manner. In this paper, we propose a method to ensure that the 3D shape of each roof decorative component is accurately modeled. First, we establish a decorative components template library (or “template library” in short hereafter), which is the first of its kind for the roofs of Ming and Qing official-style architectures. The process of establishing the decorative components template library begins with a remote collection of survey data using a terrestrial laser scanner and digital camera. The next stage involves the design and construction of different 3D decorative components in the template library with reference to the manuscripts written in the Ming and Qing dynasties’ architectural pattern books. With the point cloud data collected on any Ming and Qing official-style architecture, we further propose a geo-registration mechanism to search for an optimal fitting of the decorative components from the template library on the collected point cloud automatically. Based on the experimental results, the accuracy of point cloud registration yields less than 0.02 m, which meets the accuracy of the 3D model at LoD 300 level. Time consumption is less than 5s and stable, for large volume computing capacity has good robustness. The proposed strategy provides a new way for the 3D modeling of large and clustered historical architectures, particularly with complex structures.

Methods for making stereoslides and -prints, with freeze-etched olfactory epithelium as example

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 704-705
Author(s):  
Bert Ph. M. Menco ◽  
Ido F. Menco ◽  
Frans L.T. Verdonk
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Freezing Method ◽  
Respiratory Epithelia ◽  
Three Dimensional Presentation

Previously we presented an extensive study of the distributions of intramembranous particles of structures in apical surfaces of nasal olfactory and respiratory epithelia of the Sprague-Dawley rat. For the same structures these distributions were compared in samples which were i) chemically fixed and cryo-protected with glycerol before cryo-fixation, after excision, and ii)ultra-rapidly frozen by means of the slam-freezing method. Since a three-dimensional presentation markedly improves visualization of structural features micrographs were presented as stereopairs. Two exposures were made by tiling the sample stage of the electron microscope 6° in either direction with an eucentric goniometer. The negatives (Agfa Pan 25 Professional) were reversed with Kodak Technical Pan Film 2415 developed in D76 1:1. The prints were made from these reversed negatives. As an example tight-junctional features of an olfactory supporting cell in a region where this cell conjoined with two other cells are presented (Fig. 1).

Handheld Laser Scanner Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 952 (10) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
A.V. Komissarov ◽  
A.V. Remizov ◽  
M.M. Shlyakhova ◽  
K.K. Yambaev
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Site Survey ◽  
Laser Scanners ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
The Stability

The authors consider hand-held laser scanners, as a new photogrammetric tool for obtaining three-dimensional models of objects. The principle of their work and the newest optical systems based on various sensors measuring the depth of space are described in detail. The method of simultaneous navigation and mapping (SLAM) used for combining single scans into point cloud is outlined. The formulated tasks and methods for performing studies of the DotProduct (USA) hand-held laser scanner DPI?8X based on a test site survey are presented. The accuracy requirements for determining the coordinates of polygon points are given. The essence of the performed experimental research of the DPI?8X scanner is described, including scanning of a test object at various scanner distances, shooting a test polygon from various scanner positions and building point cloud, repeatedly shooting the same area of the polygon to check the stability of the scanner. The data on the assessment of accuracy and analysis of research results are given. Fields of applying hand-held laser scanners, their advantages and disadvantages are identified.

scholarly journals The Effect of Perioral Scan and Artificial Skin Markers on the Accuracy of Virtual Dentofacial Integration: Stereophotogrammetry Versus Smartphone Three-Dimensional Face-Scanning

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Hang-Nga Mai ◽  
Du-Hyeong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Integrated Models ◽  
Image Integration ◽  
Positional Accuracy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Face Scanning ◽  
Scanning Systems ◽  
Dimensional Face

This study evaluated the effects of different matching methods on the accuracy of dentofacial integration in stereophotogrammetry and smartphone face-scanning systems. The integration was done (N = 30) with different matching areas (n = 10), including teeth image only (TO), perioral area without markers (PN) and with markers (PM). The positional accuracy of the integrated models was assessed by measuring the midline linear deviations and incisal line canting between the experimental groups and laser scanner-based reference standards. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for statistical analyses (α = 0.05). The PM method exhibited the smallest linear deviations in both systems; while the highest deviations were found in the TO in stereophotogrammetry; and in PN in smartphone. For the incisal line canting; the canting degree was the lowest in the PM method; followed by that in the TO and the PN in both systems. Although stereophotogrammetry generally exhibited higher accuracy than the smartphone; the two systems demonstrated no significant difference when the perioral areas were used for matching. The use of perioral scans with markers enables accurate dentofacial image integration; however; cautions should be given on the accuracy of the perioral image obtained without the use of markers.

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