scholarly journals Limits of data anonymity: lack of public awareness risks trust in health system activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Gille ◽  
Caroline Brall
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Public Trust ◽  
Online News ◽  
Healthcare Management ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
The Public ◽  
Privacy And Anonymity

AbstractPublic trust is paramount for the well functioning of data driven healthcare activities such as digital health interventions, contact tracing or the build-up of electronic health records. As the use of personal data is the common denominator for these healthcare activities, healthcare actors have an interest to ensure privacy and anonymity of the personal data they depend on. Maintaining privacy and anonymity of personal data contribute to the trustworthiness of these healthcare activities and are associated with the public willingness to trust these activities with their personal data. An analysis of online news readership comments about the failed care.data programme in England revealed that parts of the public have a false understanding of anonymity in the context of privacy protection of personal data as used for healthcare management and medical research. Some of those commenting demanded complete anonymity of their data to be willing to trust the process of data collection and analysis. As this demand is impossible to fulfil and trust is built on a false understanding of anonymity, the inability to meet this demand risks undermining public trust. Since public concerns about anonymity and privacy of personal data appear to be increasing, a large-scale information campaign about the limits and possibilities of anonymity with respect to the various uses of personal health data is urgently needed to help the public to make better informed choices about providing personal data.

Privacy in the 21st Century

2015 ◽  
pp. 1638-1652
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Kitsos ◽  
Aikaterini Yannoukakou
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Patriot Act ◽  
The Public ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Common

The events of 9/11 along with the bombarding in Madrid and London forced governments to resort to new structures of privacy safeguarding and electronic surveillance under the common denominator of terrorism and transnational crime fighting. Legislation as US PATRIOT Act and EU Data Retention Directive altered fundamentally the collection, processing and sharing methods of personal data, while it granted increased powers to police and law enforcement authorities concerning their jurisdiction in obtaining and processing personal information to an excessive degree. As an aftermath of the resulted opacity and the public outcry, a shift is recorded during the last years towards a more open governance by the implementation of open data and cloud computing practices in order to enhance transparency and accountability from the side of governments, restore the trust between the State and the citizens, and amplify the citizens' participation to the decision-making procedures. However, privacy and personal data protection are major issues in all occasions and, thus, must be safeguarded without sacrificing national security and public interest on one hand, but without crossing the thin line between protection and infringement on the other. Where this delicate balance stands, is the focal point of this paper trying to demonstrate that it is better to be cautious with open practices than hostage of clandestine practices.

Public Reaction to Invasive Plant Species in a Disturbed Colorado Landscape

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 390-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Daab ◽  
Courtney G. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Invasive Plant Species ◽  
North Central ◽  
The Public ◽  
Large Scale Disturbance

AbstractInvasive plant species degrade ecosystems in many ways. Controlling invasive plants is costly for government agencies, businesses, and individuals. North central Colorado is currently experiencing large-scale disturbance, and millions of acres are vulnerable to invasion because of natural and socioeconomic processes. Mountain pine beetles typically endemic to this region have reached epidemic proportions, with up to 80% tree mortality, which opens growing space for invasive plants. In socioeconomic terms, the popularity of this amenity-rich region for tourists and in-migrants has resulted in increased development, often bordering the public land that is common in the American West. Increased recreational access and the construction of new roads and infrastructure disturb ecosystems in an increasingly fragmented landscape. A survey was mailed to more than 4,000 households in a five-county region of north central Colorado to gauge public awareness and attitudes regarding invasive plant species, helping to illuminate whether the public shows a capacity to help land managers detect and respond to invasive plants before they profoundly alter the local ecosystem. Although 88% of respondents had heard or read about invasive plant species, far fewer were familiar with specific, locally targeted species, and fewer still had taken any action to control these species. The overall awareness and concern about invasive plants in the area indicated a capacity for more public participation in management.

scholarly journals Measuring the scientific effectiveness of contact tracing: Evidence from a natural experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (33) ◽  
pp. e2100814118
Author(s):  
Thiemo Fetzer ◽  
Thomas Graeber
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
The Public ◽  
Random Breakdown ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Health Authorities

Contact tracing has for decades been a cornerstone of the public health approach to epidemics, including Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and now COVID-19. It has not yet been possible, however, to causally assess the method’s effectiveness using a randomized controlled trial of the sort familiar throughout other areas of science. This study provides evidence that comes close to that ideal. It exploits a large-scale natural experiment that occurred by accident in England in late September 2020. Because of a coding error involving spreadsheet data used by the health authorities, a total of 15,841 COVID-19 cases (around 20% of all cases) failed to have timely contact tracing. By chance, some areas of England were much more severely affected than others. This study finds that the random breakdown of contact tracing led to more illness and death. Conservative causal estimates imply that, relative to cases that were initially missed by the contact tracing system, cases subject to proper contact tracing were associated with a reduction in subsequent new infections of 63% and a reduction insubsequent COVID-19–related deaths of 66% across the 6 wk following the data glitch.

scholarly journals Trust in Centralized Large-Scale Data Repository: A Qualitative Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinder Broekstra ◽  
Judith Aris-Meijer ◽  
Els Maeckelberghe ◽  
Ronald Stolk ◽  
Sabine Otten
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Human Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Scale Data

Exponential increases in digital data and calls for participation in human research raise questions about when and why individuals voluntarily provide personal data. We conducted 36 in-depth interviews with ex-participants, participants, and nonparticipants in a biobank to identify key factors influencing trust in centralized large-scale data repository for human research. Our findings indicated that trust depends strongly on whether such data repository benefits the public, the interests of data collectors, the characteristics of the collected data, and application of informed consent for retaining control over personal data. Concerns about the aims and range of data repository appeared to influence withdrawal of participation. Our findings underscore ethical and practical issues relating to data collection and consent procedures in human research.

scholarly journals Public Awareness and Behaviour in Great Britain in the Context of Sunlight Exposure and Vitamin D: Results from the First Large-Scale and Representative Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Burchell ◽  
Lesley E. Rhodes ◽  
Ann R. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Sunlight Exposure ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Messages

In recent years, UK public health messages about the risks of sunlight exposure (skin cancer) have been increasingly balanced by messages about its benefits (vitamin D production). Currently, data about the effects of this shift on public knowledge, awareness, and behaviour are scant. Thus, the objective of this paper is to report the findings of the first large-scale and representative survey of the awareness, knowledge, and behaviour of adults in Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales) (n = 2024) with respect to sunlight exposure, vitamin D, and sunburn and skin cancer. The findings suggest that the public in Great Britain is much more aware of public promotion of the risks of sunlight exposure than its benefits. That said, knowledge about sunlight exposure and vitamin D is fairly strong, though not with respect to the detail of the ‘little and often’ approach. However, the survey also suggests that levels of sunlight exposure among the public are often excessive. The survey indicates that knowledge and behaviour are both less satisfactory among men and people in lower socio-economic groups. The paper concludes with recommendations for public health communications and for research in this area.

scholarly journals Ecologies of Public Trust: The NHS COVID-19 Contact Tracing App

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Samuel ◽  
Frederica Lucivero ◽  
Stephanie Johnson ◽  
Heilien Diedericks
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Public Trust ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Isle Of Wight ◽  
The Public ◽  
Trust Relationship ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
General Support

AbstractIn April 2020, close to the start of the first U.K. COVID-19 lockdown, the U.K. government announced the development of a COVID-19 contact tracing app, which was later trialled on the U.K. island, the Isle of Wight, in May/June 2020. United Kingdom surveys found general support for the development of such an app, which seemed strongly influenced by public trust. Institutions developing the app were called upon to fulfil the commitment to public trust by acting with trustworthiness. Such calls presuppose that public trust associated with the app can emerge if the conditions for trustworthiness are met and that public trust is simplistic, i.e., linearly the sum of each member of the publics’ individual – U.K. government trust relationship. Drawing on a synthesis of the trust literature and fifteen interviews with members of the public trialling the app on the Isle of Wight, this paper aims to explore what trust mechanisms and relationships are at play when thinking about public trust in the context of the U.K. COVID-19 app. We argue that public trust is a complex social phenomenon and not linearly correlated with institutional trustworthiness. As such, attention needs to widen from calls for trustworthy infrastructures as a way to build public trust, to a deeper understanding of those doing the trusting; in particular, what or whom do people place their trust in (or not) when considering whether using the app and why. An understanding of this will help when trying to secure public trust during the implementation of necessary public health measures.

scholarly journals Strengthening the Strategic and Operational Response for Reducing COVID-19 Transmission in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumengen Sutomo ◽  
Salord Sagala ◽  
Bebi Sutomo ◽  
William Liem ◽  
Hamzah Al Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Case Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Strategic Response ◽  
Framework Approach ◽  
Positive Rate

Indonesia reported the first two cases of COVID-19 from Depok City, West Java, on March 2, 2020. This study aimed to evaluate the strategic response for reducing the COVID-19 transmission which mainly comprised case management, large-scale social restrictions, including micro-scale social restrictions, and the development of drugs and vaccines. The data were collected from the Indonesian Government’s official websites and the latest information from March 2020 to May 2021. Furthermore, a logical framework approach and a theory of change were used to describe, evaluate, and strengthen the strategic response. The current strategic response has not reduce the COVID-19 transmission. As of May 30, 2021, 1,879,730 confirmed cases with 101,639 active cases,1,663,998 recovered, and 50,404 deaths have been reported from 34 provinces. The case management faced a high positive rate and case fatality. Furthermore, the large-scale social restrictions have not increased public awareness and behavior practice on the prevention and control. Currently, there is no cure, and the vaccination needs more time to complete. Therefore, strengthening the current strategic response needs more testing, contact tracing, better quality treatment, community education for behavior change, and effective vaccination.

scholarly journals Rebranding strategy PT. Indonesia Building Solutions Plant Cilacap in forming brand awareness

COMMICAST ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Hani Fatkhur Rohmah ◽  
Choirul Fajri
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Brand Awareness ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Business World ◽  
The Public ◽  
Business People ◽  
Brand Recognition ◽  
New Business

The business world is increasingly showing developments with many new business actors appearing both on a small and large scale. The emergence of new business actors certainly has tightened business competition in the market so that it is not uncommon for businesses to close down because they do not have creative strategies to be able to compete. Rebranding is one of the strategies undertaken by business people to maintain their business. There are several factors that cause rebranding, such as changes in ownership, a brand that is starting to be forgotten, to a bad image in the eyes of the public, etc. Rebranding is tantamount to reshaping its brand awareness or public awareness of a new brand. PT. Indonesia Building Solutions is one of the companies that rebranded as a result of the acquisition by Semen Indonesia Group (SIG) of Holcim in January 2019. The acquisition process was followed by a change in all identities starting from the brand name, namely PT. Indonesia Building Solutions and the product name is dynamix. This research was conducted to determine how the rebranding strategy carried out by PT. SBI in forming brand awareness. The method used is descriptive qualitative by conducting direct research through interviews with related parties, documentation, field observations, and supporting data from the internet. Based on the research that has been done, PT. Indonesia Building Solutions rebranded with several stages, namely Repositioning, Renaming, Redesaigning, and Relaunching. With the implementation of these four stages, PT. Indonesia Building Solutions has achieved brand awareness at the brand recognition stage where there are still two more stages to be able to reach top of mind. The title of the research conducted by researchers is "The Rebranding Strategy of PT. Indonesia Building Solutions in Forming Brand Awareness "

scholarly journals Give more data, awareness and control to individual citizens, and they will help COVID-19 containment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirco Nanni ◽  
Gennady Andrienko ◽  
Albert-László Barabási ◽  
Chiara Boldrini ◽  
Francesco Bonchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Privacy Preserving ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Collective Good ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Location Data

AbstractThe rapid dynamics of COVID-19 calls for quick and effective tracking of virus transmission chains and early detection of outbreaks, especially in the “phase 2” of the pandemic, when lockdown and other restriction measures are progressively withdrawn, in order to avoid or minimize contagion resurgence. For this purpose, contact-tracing apps are being proposed for large scale adoption by many countries. A centralized approach, where data sensed by the app are all sent to a nation-wide server, raises concerns about citizens’ privacy and needlessly strong digital surveillance, thus alerting us to the need to minimize personal data collection and avoiding location tracking. We advocate the conceptual advantage of a decentralized approach, where both contact and location data are collected exclusively in individual citizens’ “personal data stores”, to be shared separately and selectively (e.g., with a backend system, but possibly also with other citizens), voluntarily, only when the citizen has tested positive for COVID-19, and with a privacy preserving level of granularity. This approach better protects the personal sphere of citizens and affords multiple benefits: it allows for detailed information gathering for infected people in a privacy-preserving fashion; and, in turn this enables both contact tracing, and, the early detection of outbreak hotspots on more finely-granulated geographic scale. The decentralized approach is also scalable to large populations, in that only the data of positive patients need be handled at a central level. Our recommendation is two-fold. First to extend existing decentralized architectures with a light touch, in order to manage the collection of location data locally on the device, and allow the user to share spatio-temporal aggregates—if and when they want and for specific aims—with health authorities, for instance. Second, we favour a longer-term pursuit of realizing a Personal Data Store vision, giving users the opportunity to contribute to collective good in the measure they want, enhancing self-awareness, and cultivating collective efforts for rebuilding society.

scholarly journals Penanganan Pasien Covid-19 Pada Rumah Sakit di Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-170
Author(s):  
Fitri Sherida Mahayana ◽  
Chriswardani Suryawati ◽  
Farid Agushybana
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
The Public ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Staying At Home ◽  
At Home

The pre-hospital treatment mechanism is carried out through stopping transmission by educating the public, keeping physical distance when communicating, staying at home, wearing masks, isolating oneself, and implementing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (SPBS). The main goal is of course to break the chain of transmission of Covid-19. The research method used is library research, namely research data based on indexed previous research journals, both national and international. This first mechanism is strengthened by conducting contact tracing of positive confirmation cases. Its success really depends on public participation in addressing the Covid-19 problem, especially by following government regulations. The treatment mechanism in the hospital is carried out by maximizing the services provided to patients, especially Covid-19 patients. Ensure patients get the best service and nurses who are safe from the possibility of contracting Covid-19 from patients. Suggestions to cut the chain of covid-19 transmission from the hospital, namely people with Covid-19 infection will be quarantined in a special room as long as there is no vaccine. This need for quarantine is carried out to make it easier for medical personnel to monitor the condition of patients, as well as to prevent transmission of Covid-19 to other people, including medical personnel who are in charge of caring for them. If a Covid-19 sufferer with mild symptoms, such as a fever below 38 degrees Celsius, does not experience acute respiratory problems, and can still carry out normal activities, can self-quarantine or self-quarantine at home.

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