scholarly journals Implementation and evaluation of different eradication strategies for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Neirynck ◽  
Filip Boyen ◽  
Ilias Chantziaras ◽  
Tamara Vandersmissen ◽  
Philip Vyt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Rodent Control ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mlst Type ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

Abstract Background Brachyspira infections are causing major losses to the pig industry and lead to high antimicrobial use. Treatment of Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae infections may be problematic due to the high level of antimicrobial resistance. The present study implemented and evaluated farm-specific eradication programmes for B. hyodysenteriae in 10 different infected pig farms in Belgium. Results Ten pig farms clinically infected with B. hyodysenteriae volunteered to implement a farm-specific eradication programme. The programme depended on the farm and management characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility of the B. hyodysenteriae strain and the motivation of the farmer. Two farms practiced total depopulation, six farms partial depopulation and two farms antimicrobial medication without depopulation. In addition, all farms implemented biosecurity measures, and faeces samples were tested for the presence of B. hyodysenteriae at 6, 9 and 12 months after the start of the program. Single Brachyspira isolates from before and after the programme were typed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Eradication was successful in four farms. Two of them (farrow-to-finish and finishing herd) had applied total depopulation and respected a vacancy period of at least 3 weeks. A third farm (gilt farm) practised partial depopulation, the rooms remained empty for 28 days and changed the source of breeding gilts. The fourth farm practised partial depopulation, the stables remained empty for 3 weeks, and used antimicrobial medication. The eradication programme was not successful in six farms. Two of the latter farms only used medication without partial depopulation. Four farms practiced partial depopulation, one of them combined it with antimicrobial medication. The cleaning and disinfection procedures, rodent control, stand-empty period and/or other biosecurity measures in the six farms were not always implemented properly. In two of three farms, isolates belonging to the same MLST type were found before and after eradication. Conclusions Total depopulation or partial depopulation combined with implementing strict biosecurity measures allowed eradication of B. hyodysenteriae from clinically infected pig farms. Programmes based on antimicrobials without depopulation or partial depopulation without strictly adhering to all suggested biosecurity measures were not successful. Stockmanship and motivation of the farmer to permanently maintain high biosecurity standards are essential for success.

scholarly journals Impact of cleaning and disinfection procedures on microbial ecology and Salmonella antimicrobial resistance in a pig slaughterhouse

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Bridier ◽  
Patricia Le Grandois ◽  
Marie-Hélène Moreau ◽  
Charleyne Prénom ◽  
Alain Le Roux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Food Environments ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Associated Surfaces ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

Abstract To guarantee food safety, a better deciphering of ecology and adaptation strategies of bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella in food environments is crucial. The role of food processing conditions such as cleaning and disinfection procedures on antimicrobial resistance emergence should especially be investigated. In this work, the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella and the microbial ecology of associated surfaces communities were investigated in a pig slaughterhouse before and after cleaning and disinfection procedures. Salmonella were detected in 67% of samples and isolates characterization revealed the presence of 15 PFGE-patterns belonging to five serotypes: S.4,5,12:i:-, Rissen, Typhimurium, Infantis and Derby. Resistance to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and/or chloramphenicol was detected depending on serotypes. 16S rRNA-based bacterial diversity analyses showed that Salmonella surface associated communities were highly dominated by the Moraxellaceae family with a clear site-specific composition suggesting a persistent colonization of the pig slaughterhouse. Cleaning and disinfection procedures did not lead to a modification of Salmonella susceptibility to antimicrobials in this short-term study but they tended to significantly reduce bacterial diversity and favored some genera such as Rothia and Psychrobacter. Such data participate to the construction of a comprehensive view of Salmonella ecology and antimicrobial resistance emergence in food environments in relation with cleaning and disinfection procedures.

scholarly journals Combined in-vitro and on-farm evaluation of commercial disinfectants used against Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Gómez-García ◽  
Héctor Argüello ◽  
Lucía Pérez-Pérez ◽  
Clara Vega ◽  
Héctor Puente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Bactericidal Efficacy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection ◽  
On Farm

Abstract Background Swine dysentery (SD) is a severe infectious disease with a relevant impact on pig production usually caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, although B. hampsonii causes an identical clinical picture. SD control relies on antimicrobials, good management practices and strict biosecurity with cleaning and disinfection as crucial tools to avoid the pathogen transmission. This study evaluates the in-vitro efficacy of an array of commercial disinfectants against a collection of B. hyodysenteriae isolates using broth tests. The efficacy of cleaning and disinfection protocols was also evaluated on two farms with endemic SD using surface swabs collected in emptied pens before and after cleaning and disinfection procedures, using both real-time PCR and bacterial microbiological culture. Results Most of the commercial disinfectants evaluated were effective against all B. hyodysenteriae isolates tested, with a reduction of more than 5.00 log10 CFU/mL (bactericidal efficacy of 99.999%). However, some isolates exhibited reduced susceptibility to Virkon-S and Limoseptic disinfectants. The evaluation of cleaning and disinfection protocols on farms with SD outbreaks showed that approximately half the pens tested (n = 25) were positive by real-time PCR after pigs removal (mean B. hyodysenteriae counts 5.72 ± 1.04 log10 CFU/mL) while almost 20% of the pens remained positive after cleaning (n = 7) and disinfection (n = 5) procedures although with significantly lower, mean estimates (4.31 ± 0.43 log10 CFU/mL and 4.01 ± 0.55 log10 CFU/mL, respectively). Conclusions These results show the efficacy of disinfectants against B. hyodysenteriae but also stress the need to implement adequately the cleaning and disinfection protocols on pig farms and review and revise their efficiency periodically.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. is influenced by production system, antimicrobial use, and biosecurity measures on Spanish pig farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Mencía-Ares ◽  
Héctor Argüello ◽  
Héctor Puente ◽  
Manuel Gómez-García ◽  
Edgar G. Manzanilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Production System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Surveillance Programs

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat consequence of antimicrobial use (AMU) in human and animal medicine. In food-producing animals factors such as management, husbandry or biosecurity may impact AMU. Organic and extensive Iberian swine productions are based on a more sustainable and eco-friendly management system, providing an excellent opportunity to evaluate how sustained differences in AMU impact the AMR in indicator bacteria. Here, we evaluate the usefulness of commensal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. isolates as AMR bioindicators when comparing 37 Spanish pig farms from both intensive and organic-extensive production systems, considering the effect of AMU and biosecurity measures, the last only on intensive farms. Results The production system was the main factor contributing to explain the AMR differences in E. coli and Enterococcus spp. In both bacteria, the pansusceptible phenotype was more common (p < 0.001) on organic-extensive farms when compared to intensive herds. The microbiological resistance in commensal E. coli was, for most of the antimicrobials evaluated, significantly higher (p < 0.05) on intensive farms. In enterococci, the lincosamides usage revealed the association between AMR and AMU, with an increase in the AMR for erythromycin (p < 0.01), quinupristin-dalfopristin (p < 0.01) and the multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype (p < 0.05). The biosecurity measures implemented on intensive farms influenced the AMR of these bioindicators, with a slightly lower resistance to sulfamethoxazole (p < 0.01) and the MDR phenotype (p < 0.05) in E. coli isolated from farms with better cleaning and disinfection protocols. On these intensive farms, we also observed that larger herds had a higher biosecurity when compared to smaller farms (p < 0.01), with no significant associations between AMU and the biosecurity scores. Conclusions Overall, this study evidences that the production system and, to a lesser extent, the biosecurity measures, contribute to the AMR development in commensal E. coli and Enterococcus spp., with antimicrobial usage as the main differential factor, and demonstrates the potential value of these bacteria as bioindicators on pig farms in AMR surveillance programs.

Antimicrobial use, biosecurity, herd characteristics, and antimicrobial resistance in indicator Escherichia coli in ten Finnish pig farms

2021 ◽  
pp. 105408
Author(s):  
Jinhyeon Yun ◽  
Johanna Muurinen ◽  
Suvi Nykäsenoja ◽  
Leena Seppä-Lassila ◽  
Virpi Sali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Pig Farms

scholarly journals HAM-ART: An optimised culture-free Hi-C metagenomics pipeline for tracking antimicrobial resistance genes in complex microbial communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lajos Kalmar ◽  
Srishti Gupta ◽  
Iain R. L. Kean ◽  
Xiaoliang Ba ◽  
Nazreen Hadjirin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Bioinformatics Pipeline ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Conventional Farms ◽  
Pig Farms

AbstractShotgun metagenomics is a powerful tool to identify antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in microbiomes but has the limitation that extrachromosomal DNA, such as plasmids, cannot be linked with the host bacterial chromosome. Here we present a laboratory and bioinformatics pipeline HAM-ART (Hi-C Assisted Metagenomics for Antimicrobial Resistance Tracking) optimised for the generation of metagenome-assembled genomes including both chromosomal and extrachromosomal AMR genes. We demonstrate the performance of the pipeline in a study comparing 100 pig faecal microbiomes from low- and high-antimicrobial use pig farms (organic and conventional farms). We found significant differences in the distribution of AMR genes between low- and high-antimicrobial use farms including a plasmid-borne lincosamide resistance gene exclusive to high-antimicrobial use farms in three species of Lactobacilli.Author SummaryAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest global health threats humanity is facing. Understanding the emergence and spread of AMR between different bacterial species is crucial for the development of effective countermeasures. In this paper we describe a user-friendly, affordable and comprehensive (laboratory and bioinformatics) workflow that is able to identify, associate and track AMR genes in bacteria. We demonstrate the efficiency and reliability of the method by comparing 50 faecal microbiomes from pig farms with high-antibiotic use (conventional farms), and 50 faecal microbiomes from pig farms with low-antibiotic use (organic farms). Our method provides a novel approach to resistance gene tracking, that also leads to the generation of high quality metagenomic assembled genomes that includes genes on mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, that would not otherwise be included in these assembled genomes.

scholarly journals Effects of the cefazolin shortage on the sales, cost, and appropriate use of other antimicrobials

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuji Koizumi ◽  
Yoshiki Kusama ◽  
Yusuke Asai ◽  
Gu Yoshiaki ◽  
Yuichi Muraki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Sales Data ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Appropriate Antimicrobial Use

Abstract Background Shortages of antimicrobials lead to treatment failures, increase medical costs, and accelerate the development of antimicrobial resistance. We evaluated the effects of the serious cefazolin shortage in 2019 in Japan on the sales, costs, and appropriate use of other antimicrobials. Methods We evaluated monthly defined daily doses/1000 inhabitants/day (DID) values of antimicrobial sales from January 2016 to December 2019 using wholesaler’s sales databases. Using 2016–2018 sales data, we generated a prediction model of DID in 2019 under the assumption that the cefazolin shortage did not occur. We then compared the predicted DID and actual DID. Cefazolin, government-recommended alternatives, and government-not-recommended broad-spectrum alternatives were assessed. Antimicrobial groups according to the AWaRe classification were also assessed to evaluate the effect on appropriate antimicrobial use. In addition, we evaluated changes in costs between 9 months before and after the cefazolin shortage. Results DID values of total antimicrobials increased sharply 1 month before the decrease in cefazolin. Actual DIDs were higher than predicted DIDs for ceftriaxone, flomoxef, clindamycin, cefotiam, piperacillin/tazobactam, and meropenem. Actual DID values were higher than the predicted DID values in the Watch group. The costs of antimicrobials between pre- and post- cefazolin shortage were unchanged. Conclusion The cefazolin shortage brought confusion to the antimicrobial market and led to a setback in the appropriate use of antimicrobials. Early recognition and structures for prompt reactions to antimicrobial shortages are needed. Moreover, development of a system to secure the supply of essential antimicrobials is required.

scholarly journals Reducing antimicrobial usage in small-scale chicken farms in Vietnam: A three-year intervention study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doan Hoang Phu ◽  
Nguyen Van Cuong ◽  
Dinh Bao Truong ◽  
Bach Tuan Kiet ◽  
Vo Be Hien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Intervention Phase ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Before And After

AbstractIndiscriminate antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal production is a driver of antimicrobial resistance globally, with a need to define sustainable AMU-reducing interventions in small-scale farms typical of low- and middle-income countries. We conducted a before-and-after intervention study on a random sample of small-scale chicken farms in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta from 2016 to 2019. A baseline was established before providing farms (n=102) with veterinary advice on chicken health and husbandry, and antimicrobial replacement products. Thirty-five (34.2%) farms entered the intervention phase; the remainder no longer continued raising chickens. The intervention reduced AMU (−66%) (hazard ratio [HR]=0.34; p=0.002) (baseline 343.4 Animal Daily Doses per 1,000 chicken-days) and mortality (−40%) (HR=0.60; p=0.005) (weekly baseline 1.60 per 100). Chicken bodyweight increased by 100g (p=0.002) in intervention flocks. Our findings demonstrate that in the Vietnamese context, AMU can be substantially reduced in small-scale chicken farms without compromising flock health by providing veterinary advice.

Assessment of a Novel Approach to Evaluate the Outcome of Endoscope Reprocessing

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 284-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. Sciortino ◽  
Eric L. Xia ◽  
Alberta Mozee
Keyword(s):  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Calcofluor White ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Microbiological Outcome ◽  
Disinfection Process ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

AbstractObjective:To investigate and evaluate the use of a portable luminometer system for detecting contamination following the reprocessing and high-level disinfection of flexible endoscopes.Design:Random sampling of endoscopes spaced at 1- to 2-week intervals following normal use in patients.Methods:Portable luminometer system testing of 31 endoscopes undergoing reprocessing, 63 stored endoscopes, and 15 reprocessed endoscopes that underwent in-depth microbiological analysis. For testing with the portable luminometer system, samples were collected by swabbing a 100-cm2 shank surface area and the internal tip end orifice. Standardization of portable luminometer system results was performed in vitro by comparison of serial dilutions of known quantities of microorganisms and blood, tested before and after sterilization by autoclave. Microbiological analysis included Gram stain, culture for aerobic bacteria, and gene probes for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, and Cytomegalovirus. Trichrome and calcofluor white stains were used to detect parasites and fungi. Legionella was detected by stain with fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibody.Setting:The gastroendoscopy unit of a Veterans Affairs hospital.Results:The portable luminometer system was capable of detecting microbial and cellular contamination of flexible endoscopes following high-level disinfection and reprocessing. The sensitivity of the assay was sufficient for detecting low-level contamination.Conclusions:The system provided a rapid microbiological outcome monitor for the cleaning and disinfection process. The system was easy to use and relatively accurate.

Antimicrobial Resistance of FaecalEscherichia coliIsolates from Pig Farms with Different Durations of In-feed Antimicrobial Use

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Gibbons ◽  
F. Boland ◽  
J. Egan ◽  
S. Fanning ◽  
B. K. Markey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Pig Farms

scholarly journals Effects of the cefazolin shortage on the sales, cost, and appropriate use of other antimicrobials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuji KOIZUMI ◽  
Yoshiki KUSAMA ◽  
Yusuke ASAI ◽  
Yoshiaki GU ◽  
Yuichi MURAKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Sales Data ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Appropriate Antimicrobial Use

Abstract Background Shortages of antimicrobials lead to treatment failures, increase medical costs, and accelerate the development of antimicrobial resistance. We evaluated the effects of the serious cefazolin shortage in 2019 in Japan on the sales, costs, and appropriate use of other antimicrobials. Methods We evaluated monthly defined daily doses/1,000 inhabitants/day (DID) values of antimicrobial sales from January 2016 to December 2019 using wholesaler’s sales databases. Using 2016–2018 sales data, we generated a prediction model of DID in 2019 under the assumption that the cefazolin shortage did not occur. We then compared the predicted DID and actual DID. Cefazolin, government-recommended alternatives, and non-government-recommended broad-spectrum alternatives were assessed. Antimicrobial groups according to the AWaRe classification were also assessed to evaluate the effect on appropriate antimicrobial use. In addition, we evaluated changes in costs between 9 months before and after the cefazolin shortage. Results DID values of total antimicrobials increased sharply 1 month before the decrease in cefazolin. Actual DIDs were higher than predicted DIDs for ceftriaxone, flomoxef, clindamycin, cefotiam, piperacillin/tazobactam, and meropenem. Actual DID values were higher than the predicted DID values in the Watch group. The costs of antimicrobials between pre- and post- cefazolin shortage were unchanged. Conclusion The cefazolin shortage brought confusion to the antimicrobial market and led to a setback in the appropriate use of antimicrobials. Early recognition and structures for prompt reactions to antimicrobial shortages are needed. Moreover, development of a system to secure the supply of essential antimicrobials is required.

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