scholarly journals Native Philippine Heterorhabditis indica isolates from banana and rice fields and preliminary results of their virulence against the larvae of super worm (Zophobas morio Fabricius Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Louisa Navarez ◽  
Regina Sangcopan ◽  
Sitaram Aryal ◽  
Neil Pep Dave Sumaya ◽  
Aashaq Hussain Bhat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Heterorhabditis Indica ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Abstract Background Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae are used as biological control agents of several insect pests in lieu of synthetic pesticides. Results Using an insect-baiting technique, naturally occurring EPN isolates were collected from banana and rice fields in the municipality of Hagonoy, the Philippines. A total of 4 isolates were recovered from all the sites namely, HBP1, HBP2, HR3 and HR4. By combining morphometrical and ITS rDNA data, all the isolates were identified as Heterorhabditis indica. To initially assess their infectivity, virulence tests were conducted on the last instar larvae of the super worm, Zophobas morio Fabricius (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), the model insect. HR3 isolate had the highest percentage mortality (56%), followed by HBP1 and HBP2 (33%), which were comparable to the available nematode in the market, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (44%), whereas the lowest was obtained in HR4 isolate (11%). Conclusions This study accounted 4 more H. indica isolates in addition to pre-existing isolates in the country, expanding its habitat range and geographic distribution. This also provides baseline information on the potential biocontrol utilization of native EPNs against soil-dwelling insect pests of agricultural crops. Further investigations are required to assess their efficacy against several other insect pests of economic importance for the integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in the country.

scholarly journals Nematobacterial Complexes and Insect Hosts: Different Weapons for the Same War

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Brivio ◽  
Maristella Mastore
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Immune Pathways

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are widely used as biological control agents against insect pests, the efficacy of these organisms strongly depends on the balance between the parasitic strategies and the immune response of the host. This review summarizes roles and relationships between insect hosts and two well-known EPN species, Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema carpocapsae and outlines the main mechanisms of immune recognition and defense of insects. Analyzing information and findings about these EPNs, it is clear that these two species use shared immunosuppression strategies, mainly mediated by their symbiotic bacteria, but there are differences in both the mechanism of evasion and interference of the two nematodes with the insect host immune pathways. Based on published data, S. feltiae takes advantage of the cross reaction between its body surface and some host functional proteins, to inhibit defensive processes; otherwise, secretion/excretion products from S. carpocapsae seem to be the main nematode components responsible for the host immunosuppression.

scholarly journals Non-lethal effects of entomopathogenic nematode infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila C. Filgueiras ◽  
Denis S. Willett
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Nematode Infection ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Strain Dependent

AbstractEntomopathogenic nematodes are typically considered lethal parasites of insect hosts. Indeed they are employed as such for biological control of insect pests. The effects of exposure to entomopathogenic nematodes are not strictly limited to mortality, however. Here we explore non-lethal effects of exposure to entomopathogenic nematodes by introducing the relatively non-susceptible pupal stage of Delia antiqua to thirteen different strains. We specifically chose to inoculate the pupal stage because it tends to be more resistant to infection, yet resides in the soil where it could come into contact with EPN biological control agents. We find that there is no significant mortality at the pupal stage, but that there are a host of strain-dependent non-lethal effects during and after the transition to adulthood including altered developmental times and changes in risk of death compared to controls. We also find that exposure to specific strains can reduce risk of mortality. These results emphasize the strain-dependent nature of entomopathogenic nematode infection and highlight the positive and negative ramifications for non-lethal effects for biological control of insect pests. Our work emphasizes the need for strain-specific screening of biological control agents before wide-spread adoption.

Larvicidal Activity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Isolated from Mexico against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Diego Treviño-Cueto ◽  
Sergei A. Subbotin ◽  
Sergio R. Sanchez-Peña
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Mosquito Management

Abstract Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are widely used agents of biological control, mainly targeting soil-inhabiting insect pests. Reports indicate that these terrestrial EPNs are also able to infect the aquatic larvae of mosquitoes. We isolated EPN strains (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and Steinernema carpocapsae [Weiser]) from local soils at Saltillo, Coahuila state, Mexico. EPNs from these strains were produced in the laboratory in yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) larvae, and their pathogenicity as infective juveniles (IJs) was tested against larvae of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) Third- and fourth-instar mosquito larvae were exposed to four concentrations of IJs (25, 50, 100, and 200 IJ/larva) of five strains of local EPNs in laboratory assays. All strains of EPN caused lethal infections in larvae (3–100%); in particular, strain M5 of S. carpocapsae caused 100% mortality at the 200 IJ/larva concentration, with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 42 IJ/larva (LC90 = 91 IJ/larva). Strain M18 of H. bacteriophora caused 73% mortality at 200 IJ/larva, with an LC50 = 72 and LC90 = 319 IJ/larva. IJs were produced by all strains in mosquito larvae, with a range of 66–239 IJ/mosquito larva (inoculated at 100 IJ/larva) across strains, suggesting that horizontal transmission might occur in the field. This represents the first report of native EPN strains from Mexico exhibiting pathogenicity against mosquito larvae. Native EPN strains should be further evaluated as potential biological control agents in mosquito management.

Entomopathogenic nematodes: A tool in biocontrol of insect pests of vegetables-A review

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gitanjali Devi ◽  
Dhrubajyoti Nath
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Identification Technique

Biological control agents have become increasingly important component in integrated pest management programme. Entomopathogenic nematodes are effective biological control agents for many important insect pests of vegetable crops. Therefore entomopathogenic nematodes are gaining attention in the field of biocontrol research worldwide. With the development and improvement of isolation and identification technique many novel species and strains have been utilized for management of several insect pests. This review aims to explore the potentiality of entomopathogenic nematode species against economically important insect pest of vegetables in India as well as in other countries.

scholarly journals Quality Assessment of Two Commercially Available Species of Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis indica

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick X. Caamano ◽  
Raymond A. Cloyd ◽  
Leellen F. Solter ◽  
Declan J. Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
End Users ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Heterorhabditis Indica ◽  
Percent Survival

The quality of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) is critical to their success as biological control agents, but it is difficult to evaluate quality because standard procedures are not available. Generally, the quality of biological control agents is determined by field performance because end users may have minimal knowledge pertaining to the condition of biological control agents before application. This study assessed the variability in quality of commercially available EPN products. The authors evaluated preapplication survival of five EPN formulations, Steinernema feltiae (NemaShield, Nemasys, Gnat Not, Horticultural Scanmask), and Heterorhabditis indica (GrubStake-Hi), based on eight shipments/samples of each EPN product received during a 5-month period (July to November). The estimated total number of EPN delivered per shipment (i.e., sample) was compared with the expected quantity listed on the label, and percent live EPN was determined for each shipment. One-half of the shipments of Gnat Not (four of eight) contained 40% to 70% of the number of EPN expected based on the label (25 million). The remaining shipments contained consistently higher numbers, with 99% of the expected quantity of EPN received. Entomopathogenic nematode mean percent survival was highest for Nemasys (98%) and lowest for Horticultural Scanmask (56%). The overall mean percent survival for Gnat Not and GrubStake-Hi, both from the same supplier, was more than 85%. Survival of EPN in the NemaShield product was as low as 50%, but was typically between 65% and 75%. NemaShield and Nemasys were the only two EPN products that provided return policy information if the product was damaged in any way. It is important for distributors and suppliers to ensure that EPN products are in quality condition before shipping to avoid performance failures and loss of customers. In addition, end users need to evaluate shipments upon receipt to determine the viability of EPN products.

A Preliminary Assessment on the Herpetofaunal Diversity of the Taal Volcano Protected Landscape (TVPL), Batangas Philippines

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Species ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Ecological Community ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Taal Volcano ◽  
Reptile Species ◽  
Frog Species ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Study Sites

The Taal Volcano Protected Landscape (TVPL) encompasses a prehistoric volcano caldera that caters to many documented endemic species. Although regarded as a unique area with the potential to house a diverse ecological community, biodiversity research in TVPL is still found wanting. The present paper aims to provide baseline information and increase research interests on the herpetofaunal diversity of TVPL, in light of its many undocumented terrestrial faunal species. Twelve study sites within the municipalities of Tanauan, Mataasnakahoy, and Balete were visited during survey trips from May to November 2015. A combination of transect and opportunistic sampling techniques were utilized, with morphometric data and sexual maturity recorded for each specimen collected. This preliminary survey provided 24 newly documented species of amphibians and reptiles occurring within TVPL. A total 10 frog species (from families Bufonidae, Ceratobatrachidae, Microhylidae, Dicroglossidae, Ranidae, and Rhacophoridae) and 14 reptile species (from families Agamidae, Gekkonidae, Scincidae, Varanidae, Acrochordidae, Colubridae, Elapidae, and Tryonychidae) were documented. Of the reptiles recorded, 3 are endemic species and widespread throughout the Philippines: Gekko mindorensis, Hydrosaurus pustulatus, and Draco spilopterus. Also recorded were the Philippine endemic frogs Kaloula picta and Limnonectes woodworthi along with the Luzon endemics Platymantis mimulus and Varanus marmoratus. The species-effort curve of amphibians showed a distinct plateau whereas the species-effort curve of reptiles has shown an increasing trend suggesting that additional sampling efforts should be done in the area to further increase knowledge of the TVPL herpetofaunal diversity.

scholarly journals Development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on larva of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Lacerda ◽  
A. M. R. M. Ferreira ◽  
T. V. Zanuncio ◽  
J. C. Zanuncio ◽  
A. S. Bernardino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae ◽  
Bombyx Mori L ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Biological control has been reducing the use of chemical products against insect pests, specially predatory Pentatomidae. Species of this group can present high variations in their life cycle as a result of their diet. Thus, the objective of this research was to study nymph development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Stäl, 1860) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on Bombyx mori L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) larvae (T1), compared to those fed on Tenebrio molitor L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (T2) and Musca domestica L., 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae (T3) at a temperature of 25 ± 0.5ºC, relative humidity of 70 ± 2%, and photophase of 12 h. Predators fed on B. mori showed duration of the nymph phase (18.68 ± 1.02) similar to those fed on T. molitor (18.32 ± 1.49). Pre-oviposition and oviposition periods and number of egg masses, besides eggs and nymphs per female, were higher with B. mori (5.83 ± 2.02; 15.00 ± 7.40; 8.42 ± 1.84; 296.69 ± 154.75; and 228.55 ± 141.04, respectively) while longevity of males and females of P. distinctus was 25.76 ± 16.15 and 35.00 ± 16.15 days with T. molitor, and 20.57 ± 13.60 and 23.46 ± 12.35 days with B. mori, respectively.

scholarly journals Myco-Biocontrol of Insect Pests: Factors Involved, Mechanism, and Regulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sardul Singh Sandhu ◽  
Anil K. Sharma ◽  
Vikas Beniwal ◽  
Gunjan Goel ◽  
Priya Batra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Insect Pest Control ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Chemical Inputs ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

The growing demand for reducing chemical inputs in agriculture and increased resistance to insecticides have provided great impetus to the development of alternative forms of insect-pest control. Myco-biocontrol offers an attractive alternative to the use of chemical pesticides. Myco-biocontrol agents are naturally occurring organisms which are perceived as less damaging to the environment. Their mode of action appears little complex which makes it highly unlikely that resistance could be developed to a biopesticide. Past research has shown some promise of the use of fungi as a selective pesticide. The current paper updates us about the recent progress in the field of myco-biocontrol of insect pests and their possible mechanism of action to further enhance our understanding about the biological control of insect pests.

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