Process intensification technologies for CO2 capture and conversion – a review

AbstractWith the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increasing beyond sustainable limits, much research is currently focused on developing solutions to mitigate this problem. Possible strategies involve sequestering the emitted CO2 for long-term storage deep underground, and conversion of CO2 into value-added products. Conventional processes for each of these solutions often have high-capital costs associated and kinetic limitations in different process steps. Additionally, CO2 is thermodynamically a very stable molecule and difficult to activate. Despite such challenges, a number of methods for CO2 capture and conversion have been investigated including absorption, photocatalysis, electrochemical and thermochemical methods. Conventional technologies employed in these processes often suffer from low selectivity and conversion, and lack energy efficiency. Therefore, suitable process intensification techniques based on equipment, material and process development strategies can play a key role at enabling the deployment of these processes. In this review paper, the cutting-edge intensification technologies being applied in CO2 capture and conversion are reported and discussed, with the main focus on the chemical conversion methods.

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Biological Parts for Plant Biodesign to Enhance Land-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal

BioDesign Research ◽

10.34133/2021/9798714 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-22

Author(s):

Xiaohan Yang ◽

Degao Liu ◽

Haiwei Lu ◽

David J. Weston ◽

Jin-Gui Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Carbon Allocation ◽

Value Added ◽

Carbon Dioxide Removal ◽

Grand Challenge ◽

Terrestrial Plants ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Term Storage

A grand challenge facing society is climate change caused mainly by rising CO2 concentration in Earth’s atmosphere. Terrestrial plants are linchpins in global carbon cycling, with a unique capability of capturing CO2 via photosynthesis and translocating captured carbon to stems, roots, and soils for long-term storage. However, many researchers postulate that existing land plants cannot meet the ambitious requirement for CO2 removal to mitigate climate change in the future due to low photosynthetic efficiency, limited carbon allocation for long-term storage, and low suitability for the bioeconomy. To address these limitations, there is an urgent need for genetic improvement of existing plants or construction of novel plant systems through biosystems design (or biodesign). Here, we summarize validated biological parts (e.g., protein-encoding genes and noncoding RNAs) for biological engineering of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) traits in terrestrial plants to accelerate land-based decarbonization in bioenergy plantations and agricultural settings and promote a vibrant bioeconomy. Specifically, we first summarize the framework of plant-based CDR (e.g., CO2 capture, translocation, storage, and conversion to value-added products). Then, we highlight some representative biological parts, with experimental evidence, in this framework. Finally, we discuss challenges and strategies for the identification and curation of biological parts for CDR engineering in plants.

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Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage

MRS Bulletin ◽

10.1557/mrs2008.63 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 303-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 107

Author(s):

Sally M. Benson ◽

Franklin M. Orr

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Carbon Dioxide Capture ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Sea Bottom ◽

Deep Underground ◽

Basic Approaches ◽

And Storage ◽

Geological Formations ◽

Term Storage

Reducing CO2 emissions from the use of fossil fuel is the primary purpose of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). Two basic approaches to CCS are available.1,2 In one approach, CO2 is captured directly from the industrial source, concentrated into a nearly pure form, and then pumped deep underground for long-term storage (see Figure 1). As an alternative to storage in underground geological formations, it has also been suggested that CO2 could be stored in the ocean. This could be done either by dissolving it in the mid-depth ocean (1–3 km) or by forming pools of CO2 on the sea bottom where the ocean is deeper than 3 km and, consequently, CO2 is denser than seawater. The second approach to CCS captures CO2directly from the atmosphere by enhancing natural biological processes that sequester CO2 in plants, soils, and marine sediments. All of these options for CCS have been investigated over the past decade, their potential to mitigate CO2 emissions has been evaluated,1 and several summaries are available.1,3,4

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Preparation And elemental analysis of ancient fibers

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100126846 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 410-411

Author(s):

Allen Angel ◽

Kathryn A. Jakes

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Physical Structure ◽

Energy Dispersive ◽

Archaeological Sites ◽

X Ray ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Backscattered Electron ◽

Electron Imaging

Fabrics recovered from archaeological sites often are so badly degraded that fiber identification based on physical morphology is difficult. Although diagenetic changes may be viewed as destructive to factors necessary for the discernment of fiber information, changes occurring during any stage of a fiber's lifetime leave a record within the fiber's chemical and physical structure. These alterations may offer valuable clues to understanding the conditions of the fiber's growth, fiber preparation and fabric processing technology and conditions of burial or long term storage (1).Energy dispersive spectrometry has been reported to be suitable for determination of mordant treatment on historic fibers (2,3) and has been used to characterize metal wrapping of combination yarns (4,5). In this study, a technique is developed which provides fractured cross sections of fibers for x-ray analysis and elemental mapping. In addition, backscattered electron imaging (BSI) and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDS) are utilized to correlate elements to their distribution in fibers.

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Modelling of Moisture Movement in Wood during Outdoor Storage

Nonlinear Analysis Modelling and Control ◽

10.15388/na.2001.6.1.15210 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 3-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

R. Baronas ◽

F. Ivanauskas ◽

I. Juodeikienė ◽

A. Kajalavičius

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Finite Difference ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Moisture Movement ◽

Finite Difference Technique ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Space Formulation ◽

Term Storage

A model of moisture movement in wood is presented in this paper in a two-dimensional-in-space formulation. The finite-difference technique has been used in order to obtain the solution of the problem. The model was applied to predict the moisture content in sawn boards from pine during long term storage under outdoor climatic conditions. The satisfactory agreement between the numerical solution and experimental data was obtained.

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