scholarly journals Effects of collagen fiber addition on the combustion and thermal stability of natural rubber

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weixing Xu ◽  
Xintao Wu ◽  
Qilin Wen ◽  
Shuangyang Li ◽  
Yongjiao Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Collagen Fiber ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Air Pockets ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Limited Oxygen ◽  
Properties Of Composites

Abstract Collagen fiber (CF) and silane coupling agent-modified collagen fiber (MCF) were used as flame retardant filler for natural rubber (NR) modification. The combustion phenomena and properties of composites blended with different dosages of CF or MCF were compared to elucidate the flame retardant mechanism of the composites. The flame retardancy of NR can be enhanced effectively by increasing nitrogen content (the nitrogen content of CF is about 18%), creating air pockets, and structuring the flame retardant network in the composites. MCF failed to structure a flame retardant network in the composite, indicating that its modification effects of MCF are weaker than those of CF. When CF dosage was 30 wt%, the composite can achieve the best flame retardancy, with limited oxygen index of 29.4% and without smoke and dripping during burning. This study demonstrated a new method for the flame retardant modification of NR. Graphical abstract

Flame-retardant behaviors of aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite in epoxy resin

2020 ◽  
pp. 073490412093408
Author(s):  
Wei Yan ◽  
Pu Xie ◽  
Zhengwei Yang ◽  
Guangjin Luo ◽  
Weijiang Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Heterogeneous Precipitation ◽  
Aluminum Phosphates ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Limited Oxygen

Aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite nanocomposite was fabricated via a simple one-pot heterogeneous precipitation strategy, and the effects of aluminum phosphates on the morphology of aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite were investigated. Moreover, the effect of aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite on the flame-retardant behavior, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of epoxy resin have been discussed. The results indicated that the introduction of only 20 wt% aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite in epoxy resin increased the limited oxygen index from 21.8% to 30.1%, thus the material met the UL-94 V-0 rating. Thermogravimetric analyses revealed that char yield increased in the presence of aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite form thermally stable carbonaceous char. Aluminum phosphates–coated sepiolite could improve the mechanical performance, thermal stability of epoxy resin.

Flame retardancy and thermal properties of rigid polyurethane foam conjugated with a phosphorus–nitrogen halogen-free intumescent flame retardant

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-252
Author(s):  
Zhaojun Lin ◽  
Qianqiong Zhao ◽  
Ruilan Fan ◽  
Xiaoxue Yuan ◽  
Fuli Tian
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Carbon Layer ◽  
Limited Oxygen Index ◽  
Halogen Free ◽  
Limited Oxygen

In this work, a halogen-free intumescent combining phosphorus and nitrogen, flame-retardant 2-((2-hydroxyphenyl)(phenylamino)methyl5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane 2-oxide (HAPO) was successfully synthesized. It had been synthesized by reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-1,3, 2-dioxphosphinane 2-oxide with Schiff base. Its chemical structure was characterized in detail by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR spectrum. The flame-retardant polyurethanes were prepared with different loadings of HAPO. The thermal properties, flame retardancy and combustion behavior of the pure polyurethane foam thermosets were investigated by a series of measurements involving thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index measurement, UL-94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The results of the aforementioned tests indicated that HAPO can significantly improve the flame retardancy as well as smoke inhibition performance of polyurethane foam. Compared with the PU-Neat, the limited oxygen index of flame-retardant polyurethanes (15%) thermoset was increased from 19.5% to 23.8% and its UL-94 reached V-0 rating. In addition, the cone test results showed that the heat release rate, total heat release, rate of smoke release, and total smoke production of flame-retardant polyurethanes (10%) were decreased obvious sly. The apparent morphology of carbon residue was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and results revealed that the modified polyurethane foam can form dense carbon layer after combustion. Thermogravimetric analysis results also indicated that the char amount of flame-retardant polyurethanes was obviously increased compared with PU-Neat. Based on the above analysis, we can draw the conclusions which in the condensed phase, phosphorus-based acids from the degradation of HAPO, this could promote the formation of continuous and dense phosphorus-rich carbon layer. In the gas phase, the flame-retardant mechanism was ascribed to the quenching effect of phosphorus-based radicals and diluting effect by non-flammable gases.

scholarly journals Investigating the Effect of Aluminum Diethylphosphinate on Thermal Stability, Flame Retardancy, and Mechanical Properties of Poly(butylene succinate)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiming Wang ◽  
Dayong Jiang ◽  
Xin Wen ◽  
Tao Tang ◽  
Karolina Szymańska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Air Atmosphere ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Filler Dispersion ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Limited Oxygen

Poly(butylene succinate) is one of the most promising biodegradable polymers, but its applications are limited by poor flame retardancy. In this work, poly(butylene succinate)/diethylphosphinate (PBS/AlPi) composites were fabricated to investigate the effect of AlPi on their thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties. It was found that the high content of AlPi decreased the thermal stability of PBS, and the decrease became stronger under the air atmosphere. When the content of AlPi reached 25wt%, the flame retardancy was improved with limited oxygen index (LOI) of 29.5%, V0 rating in UL-94 vertical burning test, and 49.3% reduction on the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) in cone calorimeter test. Meanwhile, the addition of AlPi could improve the mechanical properties of PBS with high tensile strength and Young’s modulus, which was ascribed to the compatible effect of maleic anhydride-grafted poly(butylene succinate) (PBS-g-MA) with good filler dispersion and strong matrix-particles interaction. Thus, the AlPi was an effective flame retardant to PBS, so that PBS/AlPi composites displayed excellent flame retardancy without seriously sacrificing other comprehensive performances.

Flame Retardant Epoxy Resin Containing Magnesium Phosphinate

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 1927-1930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Chen ◽  
Ji Yan Liu ◽  
Xue Qing Liu ◽  
Shan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Gas Source ◽  
Char Formation ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

In this paper, magnesium methylcyclohexylphosphinate (Mg(MHP)) was used as flame retardant for epoxy resin(EP).The flame retardancy and thermal stability of Mg(MHP)/EP composites have been studied. As a result, the composite with 20-25% Mg(MHP) can achieve the satisfying flame retardancy with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 29.05 % and passing the UL-94 V-0 rating. TG results showed that adding Mg(MHP) into EP leads to a increase in the onset temperature of degradation and depresses the thermal decomposition below around 470 °C. Beyond 470 °C, the residue char of the composites lost more quickly compared to neat EP. A preliminary study seem to conclude that Mg(MHP) acts as the condensed source by promoting the char formation below around 470 oC and as the gas source by vaporizing at higher temperature.

scholarly journals Polycarbonate/Sulfonamide Composites with Ultralow Contents of Halogen-Free Flame Retardant and Desirable Compatibility

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3656
Author(s):  
Hangfeng Yang ◽  
Hangbo Yue ◽  
Xi Zhao ◽  
Minzimo Song ◽  
Jianwei Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Emission ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Halogen Free ◽  
Sem Morphology ◽  
Limited Oxygen

A novel halogen-free flame retardant containing sulfonamide, 1,3,5,7-tetrakis (phenyl-4-sulfonamide) adamantane (FRSN) was synthesized and used for improving the flame retardancy of largely used polycarbonate (PC). The flame-retardant properties of the composites with incorporation of varied amounts of FRSN were analyzed by techniques including limited oxygen index, UL 94 vertical burning, and cone calorimeter tests. The new FR system with sulfur and nitrogen elements showed effective improvements in PC’s flame retardancy: the LOI value of the modified PC increased significantly, smoke emission suppressed, and UL 94 V-0 achieved. Typically, the composite with only 0.08 wt% of FRSN added (an ultralow content) can increase the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value to 33.7% and classified as UL 94 V-0 rating. Furthermore, the mechanical properties and SEM morphology indicated that the FRSN has very good compatibility with PC matrix, which, in turn, is beneficial to the property enhancement. Finally, the analysis of sample residues after burning tests showed that a high portion of char was formed, contributing to the PC burning protection. This synthesized flame retardant provides a new way of improving PC’s flame retardancy and its mechanical property.

scholarly journals Study of the Synergistic Effect of Nanoporous Nickel Phosphates on Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shibin Nie ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Chao Peng ◽  
De-yi Wang ◽  
Daowei Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Pp Composites ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Nickel Phosphates ◽  
Limited Oxygen

A char forming agent (CFA) and silica-gel microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (Si-MCAPP) were selected to form novel intumescent flame retardant system to prepare flame retardant polypropylene (PP) composites, and then the influences of nanoporous nickel phosphates (NiP) on the thermal and flame retardant properties of flame retardant PP composites were studied by the real time FTIR (RTFTIR) spectra, limited oxygen index (LOI) test, and the scanning electron microscopy. RTFTIR shows the addition of NiP can improve the thermal stability of flame retardant PP composites. LOI test shows LOI value is increased with the increase of the content of NiP, and the optimized concentration of NiP is 1.0%. Furthermore, smoke toxicity of the novel flame retardant PP composites was studied by mice experiment. The upper limit of the no death smoke concentration of the composite is 12.37 mg/L.

The Flammability of Polyacrylonitrile and Its Copolymers I. The Flammability Assessment Using Pressed Powdered Polymer Samples

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Michael E. Hall ◽  
A. Richard Horrocks
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Acrylic Polymer ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Convenient Means ◽  
Burning Rates ◽  
Polymer Flammability

This paper is the first in a series of four which investigates the burning behaviour and the influence of flame retardant species on the flam mability of fibre-forming polymer and copolymers of acrylonitrile. A pressed powdered polymer sheet technique is described that enables a range of polymer compositions in the presence and absence of flame retardants to be assessed for limiting oxygen index, burning rate and char residue deter minations. The method offers a rapid, reproducible and convenient means of screening possible flame retardant systems, and LOI values compare favourably with those of films and fabrics comprising the same polymeric type. Burning rates, however, are sensitive to changes in physical sample character such as form (film vs. powder sheet) and density. Thus the technique forms an excellent basis for the generation of burning data which will enable comprehensive studies of acrylic polymer flammability and flame retardancy to be undertaken.

Influence of Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flammability and Tensile Behavior of Oil-Extended SEBS

2013 ◽  
Vol 749 ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Xiao Yan Li ◽  
Yan Chun Li ◽  
Chen Jie Shi ◽  
Si Si Cai ◽  
Xia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Degradation Behavior ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Micro Holes ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Limited Oxygen

A kind of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) were used for flame retarding of oil-extended hydrogenated styrene-butylenes-styrene (O-SEBS). The samples were systemically characterized by limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The results showed that the IFR retardant can promote residual chars with multi-micro holes on the surface of SEBS to inhibit flame; with 45% IFR content, the LOI is 28.3 and flame retardant level is UL-94 classification of V-0, with no dripping. The morphological structures observed by SEM demonstrated that higher IFR content promote to form larger and compact films cover on bubbles of the intumescent char layer. The TG data revealed that the IFR could change the degradation behavior of the O-SEBS, enhance the thermal stability and increase the char residue, The tensile strength of all the O-SEBS/IFR blends had the tensile strength of more than 4MPa and the elongation of more than 850%.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Flame Retardancy of Colorless and Transparent Semi-Alicyclic Polyimide Film from Hydrogenated-BPDA and 4,4′-oxydianiline via the Incorporation of Phosphazene Oligomer

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Xiao Wu ◽  
Ganglan Jiang ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Lin Wu ◽  
Yanjiang Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Composite Films ◽  
Optical Transmittance ◽  
Polyimide Film ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Biphenyltetracarboxylic Dianhydride ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Enhancement of flame retardancy of a colorless and transparent semi-alicyclic polyimide (PI) film was carried out by the incorporation of phosphazene (PPZ) flame retardant (FR). For this purpose, PI-1 matrix was first synthesized from hydrogenated 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (HBPDA) and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA). The soluble PI-1 resin was dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) to afford the PI-1 solution, which was then physically blended with PPZ FR with the loading amounts in the range of 0–25 wt.%. The PPZ FR exhibited good miscibility with the PI-1 matrix when its proportion was lower than 10 wt.% in the composite films. PI-3 composite film with the PPZ loading of 10 wt.% showed an optical transmittance of 75% at the wavelength of 450 nm with a thickness of 50 μm. More importantly, PI-3 exhibited a flame retardancy class of UL 94 VTM-0 and reduced total heat release (THR), heat release rate (HRR), smoke production rate (SPR), and rate of smoke release (RSR) values during combustion compared with the original PI-1 film. In addition, PI-3 film had a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.9%, which is much higher than that of PI-1 matrix (LOI: 20.1%). Finally, incorporation of PPZ FR decreased the thermal stability of the PI films. The 10% weight loss temperature (T10%) and the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PI-3 film were 411.6 °C and 227.4 °C, respectively, which were lower than those of the PI-1 matrix (T10%: 487.3 °C; Tg: 260.6 °C)

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