VELA UNIFORM, THE NATION’S QUEST FOR BETTER DETECTION OF UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS

Geophysics ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Bates
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Control System ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The United States ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Development Effort ◽  
Underground Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Nuclear Weapons Testing ◽  
The United Kingdom

Negotiations between the United States, the United Kingdom, and the USSR have been underway since October 31, 1958, a period of over two years, in an effort to reach agreement on a treaty for cessation of nuclear weapons’ testing. It is United States policy to enter into such a treaty only if there is an effective control system policing such a ban. This paper provides a résumé of key technical events that have occurred with reference to the creation of such a control system, capable of detecting and identifying underground nuclear explosions. The paper also describes the VELA UNIFORM program, a widespread research and development effort under the over‐all management of the Advanced Research Projects Agency, that is designed to improve markedly the state of the art in this particular technical field over the next two to three years.

An Empirical Review of the Design and Performance of Icebreakers

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (02) ◽  
pp. 145-159
Author(s):  
R. A. Dick ◽  
J. E. Laframboise
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Ship Performance ◽  
Selection Of

This paper utilizes available data on existing icebreaking ships to compile a review of the design features that influence ship performance. The data were extracted from a recently completed review of the state of the art of Arctic ship technology and include icebreaking ships from Argentina, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and West Germany. It is the aim of this paper to offer guidance in the initial stages of icebreaker design and thereby give confidence to the designer in the selection of dimensions, hull shape and propulsion.

Early Internal Control Practices in the United States Army and the Evolution of Internal Control Practices in Businesses

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
William F. Bowlin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Control System ◽  
United States Army ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Internal Controls ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT This research analyzes, via an examination of documents from a frontier fort, Fort Abercrombie, Dakota Territory, the internal controls the U.S. Army had in place in the mid-1800s. Findings include: (1) that there are controls in place that safeguard assets, encourage efficient and effective use of funds, and comply with appropriations passed by the U.S. Congress; (2) the army's control system is similar in nature to the effective control system identified by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission; and (3) the army contributed to the evolution of internal controls in business.

scholarly journals Modelling the effect of lockdown on COVID-19 pandemic in 22 countries and cities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Li ◽  
Yan Wu ◽  
Ximei Wang ◽  
Caihong Guo ◽  
Lianwen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Short Time

Abstract Backgrounds: COVID-19 is currently spreading around the world, and the cumulative number of cases worldwide exceeded 5 million on 23 May 2020 (10:00 GMT+2). At present, many countries or cities have implemented lockdown measures. This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of lockdown measures on the pandemic by the use of lockdown or similar lockdown in 22 countries or cities. Methods: An SEIQR epidemiological model was developed to capture the transmission dynamics of COVID-19. With the data related to COVID-19 from 22 countries or cities, the optimal parameters of the model were estimated, respectively.Results: The average basic reproduction numbers of 22 countries or cities were between 1.5286-3.8067. And Russia Federation, Spain, Italy, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Singapore, the United States of New York and the United States of New Jersey were hardest hit by COVID-19. Conclusion: Although the pandemic has not been fundamentally controlled for a short time after lockdown, lockdown was proved to be an extremely effective control measure, which significantly scaled the number of patients down, thereby reduced the harmfulness of the pandemic.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL SEISMIC STATIONS IN USSR AND REGISTRATION UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
K. S. Nepeina ◽  
V. A. An
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Test Site ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Service ◽  
Seismic Stations ◽  
Underground Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

During the Cold War of the 20th century and the classification of information between the largest nuclear states the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States of America (USA), data on the registration of nuclear explosions were not published in the reports of the Unitied Seismic Observation Service. However, underground nuclear explosions were recorded. For example, underground nuclear explosions, produced by the United States on Amchitka island, were recorded by more than 30 stations of the USSR at epicentral distances Δ ~ 8–160°. Tests at the Nevada Test Site were found especially well throughout the USSR seismic stations. As a result of processing the bulletins of registered events, checking the values with the time service, the registration parameters for the Soviet stations were destroyed. However, thanks to an employee of the laboratory 5-s of the Institute of Physics of the Earth named after O.Yu. Schmidt of the USSR Academy of Sciences Kh.D. Rubinstein is kept at the Institute for the Dynamics of Geospheres of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after Academician M.A. Sadovsky. Only after 1985 messages from some seismic stations of the former USSR began to be published in the operational reports of the Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This material is intended to publish that layer of invaluable information on the registration of underground nuclear explosions, made by the United States, which has been so carefully created for decades, and has not been published anywhere at the moment.

Differentiation of earthquakes and underground nuclear explosions on the basis of amplitude characteristics

1963 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 979-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Willis ◽  
John DeNoyer ◽  
James T. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Particle Velocity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Shear Surface ◽  
Diagnostic Aid ◽  
Compressional Waves ◽  
Underground Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Amplitude Characteristics

Abstract The particle velocity ratios of the maximum shear-surface waves to maximum compressional waves were determined for a large number of earthquakes recorded over a wide geographic range. These results are compared with similar types of data for underground nuclear detonations recorded in the United States. It was found that this technique could be used as a diagnostic aid in distinguishing between these two types of sources at distances less than 1000 km.

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