Defining critical windows in the development of the human immune system

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
L J West
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
System Development ◽  
Environmental Toxins ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Immune Development ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Human Immune

Identifying critical windows in immune system development is crucial for determination of either safety or vulnerability to exposure to specific agents during rapidly changing phases of ontogeny. These phases in the human range from postconception early gestation through adolescence. A detailed understanding of these windows will facilitate avoidance of environmental toxins as well as allow improved planning for unavoidable exposures. Critical windows of immune development will be influenced by concomitant development, maturation and growth of other organ systems, thus the influence of potentially toxic exposures must be determined within a co-ordinated multisystem and multidisciplinary approach.

scholarly journals Human Immune System Development and Rejection of Human Islet Allografts in Spontaneously Diabetic NOD-Rag1null IL2r null Ins2Akita Mice

Diabetes ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 2265-2270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Brehm ◽  
R. Bortell ◽  
P. diIorio ◽  
J. Leif ◽  
J. Laning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Human Islet ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Islet Allografts ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Human Immune

Overview of immune system development in the dog: comparison with humans

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Felsburg
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Model ◽  
Investigational Drugs ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Human Immune

Dogs play an important role in toxicology because of their importance as a large animal, pre-clinical model for evaluating potential toxicity in human drug development including the effects of investigational drugs on the immune system. The purpose of this paper is to review the development of the canine immune system during the fetal, neonatal and postnatal periods and to compare it with that of the human immune system. Unlike rodents, the development of the canine immune system shares many similarities to that of the human. In both dogs and humans, the immune system, including the mucosal immune system, is fully developed before birth although the maturity of the immune response may continue into the postnatal period.

scholarly journals Acceptive Immunity: The Role of Fucosylated Glycans in Human Host–Microbiome Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3854
Author(s):  
Svetlana Kononova ◽  
Ekaterina Litvinova ◽  
Timur Vakhitov ◽  
Maria Skalinskaya ◽  
Stanislav Sitkin
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Symbiotic Microbiota

The growth in the number of chronic non-communicable diseases in the second half of the past century and in the first two decades of the new century is largely due to the disruption of the relationship between the human body and its symbiotic microbiota, and not pathogens. The interaction of the human immune system with symbionts is not accompanied by inflammation, but is a physiological norm. This is achieved via microbiota control by the immune system through a complex balance of pro-inflammatory and suppressive responses, and only a disturbance of this balance can trigger pathophysiological mechanisms. This review discusses the establishment of homeostatic relationships during immune system development and intestinal bacterial colonization through the interaction of milk glycans, mucins, and secretory immunoglobulins. In particular, the role of fucose and fucosylated glycans in the mechanism of interactions between host epithelial and immune cells is discussed.

Immune response by the human body to SARS-CoV 2 infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
PD Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
First Line ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Lymphatic Organs

A new virus SARS-CoV2 is responsible for Covid-19. Many existing drugs were tried but failed to treat Covid-19 patients. To begin with our immune system also couldn’t cope with Covid-19, therefore within no time it became pandemic. It is a well-known fact that our body fights against all infections and inflammations through well-organized immune system. The human immune system is made up of individual cells (T and B cells) and proteins as well as entire organs and organ systems. The organs of the immune system include skin and mucous membranes, and the organs of the lymphatic system. The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense against germs entering from outside the body and once the infection enter in the organs and tissues lymphatic organs take over. Additionally, here we also described gut bacteria and food to build up immunity. In this way human beings are fight against the new virus SARS-CoV2 infections.

scholarly journals The Suckling Rat as a Model for Immunonutrition Studies in Early Life

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Pérez-Cano ◽  
Àngels Franch ◽  
Cristina Castellote ◽  
Margarida Castell
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
System Development ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Immune Development ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties

Diet plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal immune function. Research demonstrates the immunomodulatory properties and mechanisms of particular nutrients; however, these aspects are studied less in early life, when diet may exert an important role in the immune development of the neonate. Besides the limited data from epidemiological and human interventional trials in early life, animal models hold the key to increase the current knowledge about this interaction in this particular period. This paper reports the potential of the suckling rat as a model for immunonutrition studies in early life. In particular, it describes the main changes in the systemic and mucosal immune system development during rat suckling and allows some of these elements to be established as target biomarkers for studying the influence of particular nutrients. Different approaches to evaluate these immune effects, including the manipulation of the maternal diet during gestation and/or lactation or feeding the nutrient directly to the pups, are also described in detail. In summary, this paper provides investigators with useful tools for better designing experimental approaches focused on nutrition in early life for programming and immune development by using the suckling rat as a model.

scholarly journals Human-like NSG mouse glycoproteins sialylation pattern changes the phenotype of human lymphocytes and sensitivity to HIV-1 infection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghubendra Singh Dagur ◽  
Amanda Branch Woods ◽  
Saumi Mathews ◽  
Poonam S. Joshi ◽  
Rolen M. Quadros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
System Development ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Acetylneuraminic Acid ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Nsg Mouse ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractBackgroundThe use of immunodeficient mice transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells is an accepted approach to study human-specific infectious diseases, like HIV-1, and to investigate multiple aspects of human immune system development. However, mouse and human are different in sialylation patterns of proteins due to evolutionary mutations of the CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene that prevent formation of N-glycolylneuraminic acid from N-acetylneuraminic acid. How changes of mouse glycoproteins chemistry will affect phenotype and function of transplanted human hematopoietic stem cells and mature human immune cells in the course of HIV-1 infection is not known.ResultsWe mutated mouseCMAHon the most widely human cells transplantation strain NOD/scid-IL2Rγc-/-(NSG) mouse background using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The new strain provides a better environment for human immune cells. Transplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells leads to broad B cells repertoire, higher sensitivity to HIV-1 infection, and enhanced proliferation of transplanted peripheral blood lymphocytes. The mice showed low effects on the clearance of human immunoglobulins and enhanced transduction efficiency of recombinant adeno-associated viral vector rAAV2/DJ8.ConclusionNSG-cmah-/-mice expand the mouse models suitable for human cells transplantation and this new model has advantages in generating a human B cell repertoire. This strain is suitable to study different aspects of the human immune system development, might provide advantages in patient-derived tissue and cell transplantation, and could allow studies of viral vectors and infectious agents that are sensitive to human-like sialylation of mouse glycoproteins.

scholarly journals Osteopontin Levels in Human Milk Are Related to Maternal Nutrition and Infant Health and Growth

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2670
Author(s):  
Aysegül Aksan ◽  
Izzet Erdal ◽  
Siddika Songül Yalcin ◽  
Jürgen Stein ◽  
Gülhan Samur
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
System Development ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pregnancy Weight

Background: Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycosylated phosphoprotein found in human tissues and body fluids. OPN in breast milk is thought to play a major role in growth and immune system development in early infancy. Here, we investigated maternal factors that may affect concentrations of OPN in breast milk, and the possible associated consequences for the health of neonates. Methods: General characteristics, health status, dietary patterns, and anthropometric measurements of 85 mothers and their babies were recorded antenatally and during postnatal follow-up. Results: The mean concentration of OPN in breast milk was 137.1 ± 56.8 mg/L. Maternal factors including smoking, BMI, birth route, pregnancy weight gain, and energy intake during lactation were associated with OPN levels (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were determined between body weight, length, and head circumference, respectively, and OPN levels after one (r = 0.442, p = < 0.001; r = −0.284, p = < 0.001; r = −0.392, p = < 0.001) and three months (r = 0.501, p = < 0.001; r = −0.450, p = < 0.001; r = −0.498, p = < 0.001) of lactation. A negative relation between fever-related infant hospitalizations from 0–3 months and breast milk OPN levels (r = −0.599, p < 0.001) was identified. Conclusions: OPN concentrations in breast milk differ depending on maternal factors, and these differences can affect the growth and immune system functions of infants. OPN supplementation in infant formula feed may have benefits and should be further investigated.

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