Osteopontin Levels in Human Milk Are Related to Maternal Nutrition and Infant Health and Growth

Background: Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycosylated phosphoprotein found in human tissues and body fluids. OPN in breast milk is thought to play a major role in growth and immune system development in early infancy. Here, we investigated maternal factors that may affect concentrations of OPN in breast milk, and the possible associated consequences for the health of neonates. Methods: General characteristics, health status, dietary patterns, and anthropometric measurements of 85 mothers and their babies were recorded antenatally and during postnatal follow-up. Results: The mean concentration of OPN in breast milk was 137.1 ± 56.8 mg/L. Maternal factors including smoking, BMI, birth route, pregnancy weight gain, and energy intake during lactation were associated with OPN levels (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were determined between body weight, length, and head circumference, respectively, and OPN levels after one (r = 0.442, p = < 0.001; r = −0.284, p = < 0.001; r = −0.392, p = < 0.001) and three months (r = 0.501, p = < 0.001; r = −0.450, p = < 0.001; r = −0.498, p = < 0.001) of lactation. A negative relation between fever-related infant hospitalizations from 0–3 months and breast milk OPN levels (r = −0.599, p < 0.001) was identified. Conclusions: OPN concentrations in breast milk differ depending on maternal factors, and these differences can affect the growth and immune system functions of infants. OPN supplementation in infant formula feed may have benefits and should be further investigated.

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Mother-fetus immunogenetic dialogue as a factor of progeny immune system development

Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding ◽

10.18699/vj18.444 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (8) ◽

pp. 1009-1019

Author(s):

L. A. Gerlinskaya ◽

A. V. Varlachev ◽

G. I. Krotov ◽

G. V. Kontsevaya ◽

M. P. Moshkin

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Immune System ◽

Breast Milk ◽

System Development ◽

Large Body ◽

Micro Rna ◽

Surrogate Mothers ◽

Immune System Development ◽

Pass Through

Despite the advances in medicine, about 4 million children under the age of 6 months die annually around the world due to infection, which is 450 deaths per hour (UNISEF, 2009). The degree of development of the immune system of children born in time is determined by many factors, including the immunogenetic similarity or diﬀerence of mother and fetus organisms, which, in turn, is due to the genotypes of mating pairs, as well as the selection of surrogate mothers duringin vitrofertilization. From our review of the literature, it follows that immunogenetic interactions of mother and fetus organisms, which occur at all stages of pre- and postnatal development, have a signifcant eﬀect on the resistance of oﬀspring to infections and allergens. Before implantation, the mother’s immune responses are formed under the inﬂuence of semen ﬂuid antigens, leukocytes and cytokines, as well as under the inﬂuence of the genes of the major histocompatibility complex, which are expressed in embryos at the stage of two cells. After implantation, transplacental transfer of immunoglobulins and immunocompetent cells becomes of immunomodulating importance. It is important to emphasize that, although substances with a high molecular weight usually do not pass through the placenta, this rule does not apply to immunoglobulin G (IgG), which, with a molecular weight of about 160 kDa, overcomes the transplacental barrier due to binding to the fetal Fc receptor. The level of IgG in newborns usually correlates with the level of maternal antibodies. During the period of natural feeding, the immune protection of newborns is provided by the mechanisms of innate immunity and the factors of humoral immunity of mothers. It has been shown that immunoglobulins from the milk of many animal species are transferred through the neonatal intestinal epithelium to the blood. Since breast milk contains large amounts of various immunoactive components, including proteins, cytokines, hormones, immunoglobulins, exosomes containing micro-RNA, and viable immune cells, the immunomodulating eﬀects of breast milk persist even after elimination of maternal immunoglobulins from the blood of the oﬀspring, up to maturation. Analysis of a large body of experimental data shows that the study of mechanisms of “motherfetus” and “mother-newborn” interactions are the basis of a knowledge base needed to fnd means of life-long directed modulation of the descendants’ immune status.

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Lactation-dependent vertical transmission of natural probiotics from mother to infant gut through breast milk

Food & Function ◽

10.1039/d1fo03131g ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qi Ce ◽

Jingbo Zhou ◽

Huayu Tu ◽

Rundan Tu ◽

Hong Chang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Vertical Transmission ◽

System Development ◽

Immune System Development

The transmission of certain bacteria from the mother's gut to the infant's gut via breast milk (BM) is critical for offspring's immune system development. Dysbiosis of the BM microbiota can...

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Shark Reproduction, Immune System Development and Maturation

Immunobiology of the SHARK ◽

10.1201/b17773-3 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 51-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lynn L. Rumfelt

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

System Development ◽

Immune System Development

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The Roles of Prebiotics on Impaired Immune System in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Literature Review

Amerta Nutrition ◽

10.20473/amnt.v5i1sp.2021.21-26 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1SP) ◽

pp. 21

Author(s):

Zakiudin Munasir

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Literature Review ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Immune System Development ◽

Narrative Literature ◽

Narrative Literature Review ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Background: After birth, preterm infants face numerous challenges, including short and long-term morbidities, to survive and grow well with impaired immune and gastrointestinal systems. According to data from 184 countries, preterm birth rate ranges from 5-18%, accounting for 35% of all new born deaths. Purpose: This literature review aimed to summarize the evidence for the impact of prematurity on immune system development and the benefit of prebiotics on gut microbiota and immune responses. Discussion: Various studies in this narrative literature review showed that preterm infants have both qualitative and quantitative immune response deficits compared to term infants. Preterm newborns also have impaired intestinal immunity, underdeveloped intestinal mucosa barrier, and gut dysbiosis, which predisposes them to life-threatening infections. Early balanced gut microbiota in infants believed to be essential for adequate intestinal physiological functions and immune system maturation. The use of prebiotics, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in human breast milk, has been found to decrease the risk of various infections and cognitive impairment. A previous study found that prebiotic oligosaccharides supplementation was well-tolerated, significantly increased Bifidobacteria growth, and reduced the presence of gut pathogens. Conclusions: There was robust evidence that breast milk and prebiotics supplementation may support the gut microbiome and immune system in preterm infants. However, different types of synthetic prebiotics offer different benefits, and the protective effect seems to depend on the supplementation duration and dosage.

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398 Towards new feeding approaches for optimizing nutritional status, immunity and host-microbiota interactions in neonatal and weaned piglets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.333 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 181-181

Author(s):

Martin Lessard ◽

Mylène Blais ◽

Guylaine Talbot ◽

J Jacques Matte ◽

Ann Letellier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

System Development ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Epithelial Cell Line ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Gut Health ◽

Weaned Piglets ◽

Immune System Development

Abstract Lactation, feeding conditions, microbial interventions and piglet growth in the first few weeks of life have important impact on the intestinal microbiota establishment and immune system development of piglets. Indeed, colostrum and milk contain various bioactive components such as immune factors, antimicrobial peptides and oligosaccharides that contribute to maintain intestinal homeostasis and regulate interactions between microbiota and host immune system. Recent results revealed that low birth weight piglet (LBWP) with poor weight gain during the first two weeks of life develop different intestinal microbiota and immune response profiles compared to high BWP (HBWP) littermates. Consequently, piglets within litters may have different resilience to infections after weaning and benefit from feed additives in a specific manner. A study has been performed to evaluate the potential of bovine colostrum extract (BC) as replacement to plasma proteins for improving gut health and resilience to Salmonella infection in piglets. Results revealed that in weaned piglets fed BC, intestinal microbiota was differently modulated and bacterial dysbiosis induced by Salmonella was restored faster. Moreover, expression of genes involved in innate immunity such as β-defensin-2 and glutathione peroxidase-2 was respectively down- and up-regulated in BC fed piglets. A combination of dietary supplementation with BC, cupper and vitamins A and D has also been tested in LBWP and HBWP, and there is clear evidence that BC in combination with other feed additives promote growth and gut health in both LBWP and HBWP. The porcine intestinal epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 was used to better understand the functional properties of BC. Results indicated that BC improves wound healing, enhances barrier function and modulates the expression of several genes involved in innate immune response. Finally, as microbial intervention, the potential of fecal transplantation to modulate intestinal microbiota and immune system development of piglets is under investigation and will be discussed.

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VOLARE: Visual analysis of disease-associated microbiome-immune system interplay

10.1101/431379 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Janet C. Siebert ◽

Charles Preston Neff ◽

Jennifer M. Schneider ◽

EmiLie H. Regner ◽

Neha Ohri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Web Application ◽

Visual Analysis ◽

System Development ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Domain Experts ◽

Immune System Development ◽

Interactive Environment ◽

System Logs ◽

Linear Regressions

AbstractBackgroundRelationships between specific microbes and proper immune system development, composition, and function have been reported in a number of studies. However, researchers have discovered only a fraction of the likely relationships. High-dimensional “omic” methodologies such as 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing and Time-of-flight mass cytometry (CyTOF) immunophenotyping generate data that support generation of hypotheses, with the potential to identify additional relationships at a level of granularity ripe for further experimentation. Pairwise linear regressions between microbial and host immune features is one approach for quantifying relationships between “omes”, and the differences in these relationships across study cohorts or arms. This approach yields a top table of candidate results. However, the top table alone lacks the detail that domain experts need to vet candidate results for follow-up experiments.ResultsTo support this vetting, we developed VOLARE (Visualization Of LineAr Regression Elements), a web application that integrates a searchable top table, small in-line graphs illustrating the fitted models, a network summarizing the top table, and on-demand detailed regression plots showing full sample-level detail. We applied VOLARE to three case studies—microbiome:cytokine data from fecal samples in HIV, microbiome:cytokine data in inflammatory bowel disease and spondyloarthritis, and microbiome:immune cell data from gut biopsies in HIV. We present both patient-specific phenomena and relationships that differ by disease state. We also analyzed interaction data from system logs to characterize usage scenarios. This log analysis revealed that, in using VOLARE, domain experts frequently generated detailed regression plots, suggesting that this detail aids the vetting of results.ConclusionsSystematically integrating microbe:immune cell readouts through pairwise linear regressions and presenting the top table in an interactive environment supports the vetting of results for scientific relevance. VOLARE allows domain experts to control the analysis of their results, screening dozens of candidate relationships with ease. This interactive environment transcends the limitations of a static top table.

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