scholarly journals Testing for illicit drug use in mental health services

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Abraham ◽  
Jason Luty
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Legal Cases

SummaryTesting for illicit drug use is used in pre-employment checks, the criminal justice system, sports medicine and for screening and confirmatory purposes in patients with physical and mental illnesses. The types of drugs tested for and the methods used vary depending on the indication. This article focuses primarily on blood, urine and oral fluids, which are specimens more commonly used in mental health settings, although hair and sweat are increasingly used in medico-legal cases and in child protection issues. The main drugs and their metabolism are discussed to gain a better understanding of the methods used and for accurate interpretation. Methods to ensure validity during sample collection are explored. False-positive and false-negative tests are common and possible confounders are discussed.

Epidemiology of illicit drug use disorders in Iran: prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and service utilization results from the Iranian Mental Health Survey

Addiction ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 111 (10) ◽  
pp. 1836-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili ◽  
Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar ◽  
Vandad Sharifi ◽  
Ahmad Hajebi ◽  
Reza Radgoodarzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Service Utilization ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Drug Use Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Survey

An ad hoc method for dual adjusting for measurement errors and nonresponse bias for estimating prevalence in survey data: Application to Iranian mental health survey on any illicit drug use

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 3062-3076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazem Khalagi ◽  
Mohammad Ali Mansournia ◽  
Seyed-Abbas Motevalian ◽  
Keramat Nourijelyani ◽  
Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Nonresponse Bias ◽  
Missing Not At Random ◽  
Mental Health Survey ◽  
Log Linear

Purpose The prevalence estimates of binary variables in sample surveys are often subject to two systematic errors: measurement error and nonresponse bias. A multiple-bias analysis is essential to adjust for both biases. Methods In this paper, we linked the latent class log-linear and proxy pattern-mixture models to adjust jointly for measurement errors and nonresponse bias with missing not at random mechanism. These methods were employed to estimate the prevalence of any illicit drug use based on Iranian Mental Health Survey data. Results After jointly adjusting for measurement errors and nonresponse bias in this data, the prevalence (95% confidence interval) estimate of any illicit drug use changed from 3.41 (3.00, 3.81)% to 27.03 (9.02, 38.76)%, 27.42 (9.04, 38.91)%, and 27.18 (9.03, 38.82)% under “missing at random,” “missing not at random,” and an intermediate mode, respectively. Conclusions Under certain assumptions, a combination of the latent class log-linear and binary-outcome proxy pattern-mixture models can be used to jointly adjust for both measurement errors and nonresponse bias in the prevalence estimation of binary variables in surveys.

scholarly journals Association of illicit drug use in adolescence with socioeconomic and criminal justice outcomes in adulthood: prospective findings from a UK national birth cohort

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2019-213282
Author(s):  
James White ◽  
Steven Bell ◽  
G David Batty
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
The Past

BackgroundIllicit drug use in adolescence has been linked to drug use and poor mental health in adult life, but few studies have examined the relation between adult economic and criminal justice outcomes.MethodsWe analysed data from 14 082 participants (6999 women) in the 1970 British Birth Cohort Study. Illicit drug use over study members’ lifetime and in the past year were self-reported at 16 years of age. Thirteen outcomes were self-reported at 30 years of age, including illicit drug use, smoking, problems with alcohol, mental and physical health, experience of socioeconomic disadvantage and experiences with the criminal justice system.ResultsAt 16 years of age, 20.3% of the participants had ever tried an illicit drug and 7.2% had used in the past year. After adjustment for childhood socioeconomic status and mental health problems, and following correction for multiple testing, there was a dose–response association between illicit drug use at 16 years with illicit drug use in adult life in the past year (OR; 95% CI – 1.83, 1.51 to 3.12), experiencing homelessness (1.74, 1.16 to 2.62), being arrested (1.57, 1.29 to 1.92) and cautioned (1.97, 1.50 to 2.57) by the police, and being found guilty at court (1.73, 1.34 to 2.23).ConclusionsAdolescent drug use was associated with an array of social and criminal outcomes in later life.

scholarly journals Regional Variation in Attitude of Mental Health Professionals Towards Tackling Illicit Drug-use and Drug-related Disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olubusayo Akinola ◽  
Wen-Hung Kuo ◽  
John Oswald ◽  
Olawunmi Obisesan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Stochastic Domination

This study sought to assess the attitudes of Mental Health Professionals (MHPs) towards tackling illicit drug use and drug-related disorders in Nigeria and to explore regional variations in attitude. Based on the validated Substance Abuse Attitude Survey (SAAS), a quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted in a randomized sample of 292 MHPs practicing in neuropsychiatric hospitals and mental health departments of teaching hospitals from four geopolitical zones of Nigeria. A response rate of 81.1% was achieved. MHPs tended towards non-permissive, moralistic and stereotypic spectrum and exhibited distinctly defined attitude towards their professional role. The Kruskal-Wallis analysis established significant regional variation in the attitude of multidisciplinary MHPs, <em>H </em>(3)=18.727, <em>p</em>&lt; .0001 reflecting a stochastic domination across the region; therefore a step-down follow-up analysis was conducted. This analysis revealed that the distribution of attitude total-score varies significantly between the South-south and the Southwestern region (<em>p</em>&lt; .0001), the northeastern and southwestern region of the country (<em>p</em>&lt; .028).  A holistic approach towards standardization of drug treatment and care that takes into consideration possible regional variation in attitudes of MHPs should be implemented to foster the reintegration and rehabilitation of drug-using populations into the mainstream society.

scholarly journals The mental health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults compared with heterosexual adults: results of two nationally representative English household probability samples

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Alexandra Pitman ◽  
Louise Marston ◽  
Gemma Lewis ◽  
Joanna Semlyen ◽  
Sally McManus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Alcohol Misuse ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
Bisexual People

Abstract Background Evidence on inequalities in mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual people arises primarily from non-random samples. Aims To use a probability sample to study change in mental health inequalities between two survey points, 7 years apart; the contribution of minority stress; and whether associations vary by age, gender, childhood sexual abuse, and religious identification. Methods We analysed data from 10 443 people, in two English population-based surveys (2007 and 2014), on common mental disorder (CMD), hazardous alcohol use, and illicit drug use. Multivariable models were adjusted for age, gender, and economic factors, adding interaction terms for survey year, age, gender, childhood sexual abuse, and religious identification. We explored bullying and discrimination as mediators. Results Inequalities in risks of CMD or substance misuse were unchanged between 2007 and 2014. Compared to heterosexuals, bisexual, and lesbian/gay people were more likely to have CMD, particularly bisexual people [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.86; 95% CI 1.83–4.46], and to report alcohol misuse and illicit drug use. When adjusted for bullying, odds of CMD remained elevated only for bisexual people (AOR = 3.21; 95% CI 1.64–6.30), whilst odds of alcohol and drug misuse were unchanged. When adjusted for discrimination, odds of CMD and alcohol misuse remained elevated only for bisexual people (AOR = 2.91; 95% CI 1.80–4.72; and AOR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.03–2.57 respectively), whilst odds of illicit drug use remained unchanged. There were no interactions with age, gender, childhood sexual abuse, or religious identification. Conclusions Mental health inequalities in non-heterosexuals have not narrowed, despite increasing societal acceptance. Bullying and discrimination may help explain the elevated rate of CMD in lesbian women and gay men but not in bisexual people.

scholarly journals Examining differences in suicidality between and within mental health disorders and sexual identity among adults in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 636-654
Author(s):  
David Adzrago ◽  
◽  
Ikponmwosa Osaghae ◽  
Nnenna Ananaba ◽  
Sylvia Ayieko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts ◽  
Suicidal Plans ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes

<abstract><sec> <title>Background</title> <p>Suicide is a leading but preventable cause of death and is preceded by domains of thoughts, plans, and attempts. We assessed the prevalence of suicidality domains and determined the association of suicidality domains with sexual identity, mental health disorder symptoms, and sociodemographic characteristics.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>We used the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) data to perform weighted multivariable logistic regression and margins analyses to examine between and within-group differences in suicidality by sexual identity among adults aged ≥ 18 years.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Results</title> <p>About 4.89%, 1.37%, and 0.56% of the population experienced suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts, respectively. Those aged 18–25 years old had a higher odds of suicidality compared to those aged 26 years or older. Compared to those who reported having no alcohol use dependence, illicit drug use dependence, and major depressive episodes (MDEs), those who reported alcohol use dependence, illicit drug use dependence, and MDE had higher odds of suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts. Between all sexual identity groups, bisexuals who experienced MDEs had the highest probability of having suicidal thoughts while lesbians and gays who experienced MDE showed a higher probability of suicidal plans and attempts compared to heterosexuals. Within each sexual identity group, the probability of having suicidal thoughts, suicidal plans, and suicidal attempts was higher for those who had experienced MDEs compared to those who had not experienced MDEs.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>Substance use disorder and MDE symptoms were associated with increased suicidality, especially among young adults and sexual minority people. This disparity underscores the need for tailored interventions and policies to enhance the provision of prompt mental health screening, diagnosis, and linkage to care for mental health services, particularly among the most vulnerable in the population.</p> </sec></abstract>

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