scholarly journals Nothing about us without us: the importance of local collaboration and engagement in the global study of autism

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa A. Hoekstra ◽  
Fikirte Girma ◽  
Bethlehem Tekola ◽  
Zemi Yenus
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
High Income ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Perceived Needs ◽  
Autism Research ◽  
Global Study ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Research Representation

Our current understanding of autism and other developmental disorders is primarily based on research conducted in high-income countries, predominantly in North America and Europe. Even within high-income countries, White participants are overrepresented in autism research. There is now increased recognition that a more global and diverse research representation is warranted. This paper argues that in order for global and diverse research efforts to be effective, it is essential to collaborate and engage with local experts and stakeholders, including local researchers, clinicians and representatives from governmental and non-governmental organisations. Such collaborations ensure that studies use culturally appropriate methods and materials, and that research findings are interpreted taking local context into account. Ultimately, these collaborations build local capacity and foster the development of culturally and contextually appropriate interventions that address locally perceived needs. The adage ‘nothing about us without us’ is vital to global autism research.

Developing Photo-Posters for Health Education on Perceived Teething Problems in Nigeria

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-375
Author(s):  
O. O. Bankole ◽  
O. O. Denloye ◽  
G. A. Aderinokun ◽  
C. O. Badejo R.N. Phn
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Participatory Approach ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Market Women ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Enugu State ◽  
Rural Dwellers

The development of photo-posters to educate the Nigerian community on the perceived problems of teething was prompted by research findings which revealed that misconceptions about teething were widespread within the populace and in particular among some health professionals. Studies have shown that 58% of ethnic Yoruba rural dwellers in Nigeria attributed ailments to the teething process, while 70% of market women in Enugu State perceived diarrhea in their children was due to teething. In a recent survey, 61.4% of nurses believed diarrhea should accompany the teething process. Furthermore 82.1%, 35.8%, and 27.9% of them implicated fever, weight loss, and boils respectively as signs of teething. Photo-posters adopt the use of visual representation of a problem and the goal of using photo-posters is to begin to create an understanding in the minds of people that babies can be healthy in spite of their erupting teeth. It is believed that using pictures of real babies who are seen to be healthy when their teeth first emerge should go a long way to reducing some of the misconceived ideas. In its development, the participatory approach was adopted involving selected members of the target population, thus making it a culturally appropriate tool. This article describes the rationale behind the choice of the photo-posters and the process of developing them.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship between Locational and Household Characteristics and E-Commerce Home Delivery Demand

Logistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Cheng Cheng ◽  
Takanori Sakai ◽  
André Alho ◽  
Lynette Cheah ◽  
Moshe Ben-Akiva
Keyword(s):  
Online Shopping ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Home Delivery ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Household Characteristics ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Individual Household ◽  
Parcel Deliveries

The rapid growth in online shopping and associated parcel deliveries prompts investigation of the factors that contribute to parcel delivery demand. In this study, we evaluated the influence of locational and household characteristics on e-commerce home delivery demand. While past research has largely focused on the impacts of the adoption of online shopping using individual/household survey data, we made use of data from an e-commerce carrier. A linear regression model was estimated considering factors such as degree of urbanization, transit and shopping accessibility, and household attributes. The results both confirm and contradict prior research findings, highlighting the potential for a non-negligible influence of the local context on demand for parcel deliveries.

scholarly journals Localizing international education agendas: Boys (still) underachieving in Jamaica’s secondary education

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Everton Ellis ◽  
Edward Thomas
Keyword(s):  
International Education ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Rural High Schools ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Neoliberal Restructuring

The literature on basic education emphasizes the need to improve enrollment and access to girls’ education in poorer countries. In Jamaica, the problem is not merely access to basic education but rather the quality of education outcomes, particularly for boys. Setting my research findings within the context of globalization and basic education, this paper explores the underachievement of boys within the contexts of international education policies at the domestic/national scale in Jamaica. Using a combination of participants’ responses drawn from semi-structured interviews conducted with teachers across two rural high schools in Jamaica, an analysis of secondary sources and (to a lesser extent) participant observations, we put forward a few claims regarding the process of ‘localizing’ ‘international’ education. It appears that global discourses in education (education for all) place demands on the local context – privilege girls, and the problem of lack of access to education and the overall the quality of experience. And therefore, the Jamaican state can ‘evade’ or palliatively address the ongoing problem of boys’ underachievement. The paper also highlights the effects of neoliberal restructuring in education as well as the inconsistencies between domestic/national and international education policies.

scholarly journals Fmr1KO Mice as a Possible Model of Autistic Features

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1164-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maude Bernardet ◽  
Wim E. Crusio
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Fragile X Syndrome ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Restricted Interests ◽  
Autism Research ◽  
Hereditary Component ◽  
Autistic Symptoms

Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder appearing before the age of 3, where communication and social interactions are impaired. It also entails stereotypic behavior or restricted interests. Although this disorder was first described in 1943, little is still known about its etiology and that of related developmental disorders. Work with human patients has provided many data on neuropathological and cognitive symptoms, but our understanding of the functional defects at the cellular level and how they come about remains sketchy. To improve this situation, autism research is in need of valid animal models. However, despite a strong hereditary component, attempts to identify genes have generally failed, suggesting that many different genes are involved. As a high proportion of patients suffering from the Fragile X Syndrome show many autistic symptoms, a mouse model of this disorder could potentially also serve as a model for autism. TheFmr1KO mouse is a valid model of the Fragile X Syndrome and many data on behavioral and sensory-motor characteristics of this model have been gathered. We present here an assessment of autistic features in this candidate model. We conclude thatFmr1KO mice display several autistic-like features, but more work is needed to validate this model.

scholarly journals Revisiting Understanding of The Whistleblowing Concept In The Context of Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Ilham Nurhidayat ◽  
Bevaola Kusumasari
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Research Gap

The conduct of this study came in the backdrop of thinking of the need for opening a discussion for a more comprehensive and contextual concept of whistleblowing  for Indonesia from the vantage point of existing theoretical perspectives, regulations and practices. There is a lot of misunderstanding and bias about the concept of whistleblowing in public and private organizations in Indonesia. This study is largely based on previous literature and observation of the implementation of whistleblowing system (WBS) in several institutions that the author considered credible enough to be best practices. The study used descriptive qualitative approach and used various reference sources that were drawn from library research. This research has produced several formulations. First, the synonym or equivalent phrase in the Indonesian language for the term whistleblower is Pengungkap dugaan kecurangan, (revealer of alleged fraud) and Pengungkap dugaan pelanggaraan (revealer of alleged violation) or Pengungkap dugaan perbuatan tidak benar (wrongdoing) (revealer of alleged wrongdoing). Secondly, the most appropriate equivalence to the phrase whistleblowing system (WBS) in the context of Indonesia is “Sistem Pengungkapan Dugaan Pelanggaran” (alleged violation disclosure system). Third, the object of the report or complaints of whistleblowing (wrongdoing) is classifying into seventeen types of behavior that are in turn categorized into seven groups. WBS development and implementation in a number of government and private sector institutions emphasize seven key points. Research findings fill a mainstream research gap on whistleblowing in  Indonesia, which has for long been plagued by misunderstanding  between  WBS and  complaints handling system that is evident in several institutions and  government agencies in Indonesia. The expectation is that research results will make some contribution to government policy making in the realm of whistleblowing system by providing a definition that is in line with the initial conception of the concept of whistleblowing. That way, this research is expected to contribute to the development of a more effective policy and WBS that not only protects the whistleblower but also pays attention ethics, culture, and local context in Indonesia which are different from the countries where the concept of whistleblowing had its origins.

scholarly journals Autism and bilingualism: A thematic analysis of practitioners' experiences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Davis ◽  
Farah Mohd Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Family Experiences ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Right ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Familial Expectations

This project aimed to understand the experiences of practitioners who work with autistic bilingual children and their families. Here we focused on factors relating to bilingual family experiences, the knowledge base of practitioners regarding autism and bilingualism, and the influence of socio-cultural factors on practice and subsequent recommendations to parents. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 speech and language practitioners. Three themes were identified: (1) professionals’ experiences with parents (2) cultural factors in practice (3) views on autism and bilingualism. Investigation of these themes reveal that practitioners overwhelmingly advocate for maintaining a bilingual environment for autistic children, and recognise cultural and familial expectations as some of the most important considerations when working with autistic bilingual children. However, a dearth of culturally appropriate resources and uncertainties around providing the right advice to parents were identified as barriers to best practice. This highlights the need for culturally relevant resources for use with families, and for practitioners to be provided with opportunities to receive up-to-date and accessible research findings.

scholarly journals Developing indicators of age-friendly neighbourhood environments for urban and rural communities across 20 low-, middle-, and high-income countries

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Rugel ◽  
Clara K. Chow ◽  
Daniel J. Corsi ◽  
Perry Hystad ◽  
Sumathy Rangarajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
High Income ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mixed Data ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Traffic Lights

Abstract Background By 2050, the global population of adults 60 + will reach 2.1 billion, surging fastest in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). In response, the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed indicators of age-friendly urban environments, but these criteria have been challenging to apply in rural areas and LMIC. This study fills this gap by adapting the WHO indicators to such settings and assessing variation in their availability by community-level urbanness and country-level income. Methods We used data from the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study’s environmental-assessment tools, which integrated systematic social observation and ecometrics to reliably capture community-level environmental features associated with cardiovascular-disease risk factors. The results of a scoping review guided selection of 18 individual indicators across six distinct domains, with data available for 496 communities in 20 countries, including 382 communities (77%) in LMIC. Finally, we used both factor analysis of mixed data (FAMD) and multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) approaches to describe relationships between indicators and domains, as well as detailing the extent to which these relationships held true within groups defined by urbanness and income. Results Together, the results of the FAMD and MTMM approaches indicated substantial variation in the relationship of individual indicators to each other and to broader domains, arguing against the development of an overall score and extending prior evidence demonstrating the need to adapt the WHO framework to the local context. Communities in high-income countries generally ranked higher across the set of indicators, but regular connections to neighbouring towns via bus (95%) and train access (76%) were most common in low-income countries. The greatest amount of variation by urbanness was seen in the number of streetscape-greenery elements (33 such elements in rural areas vs. 55 in urban), presence of traffic lights (18% vs. 67%), and home-internet availability (25% vs. 54%). Conclusions This study indicates the extent to which environmental supports for healthy ageing may be less readily available to older adults residing in rural areas and LMIC and augments calls to tailor WHO’s existing indicators to a broader range of communities in order to achieve a critical aspect of distributional equity in an ageing world.

scholarly journals Towards assessing buildability in wood framed, superinsulated wall assemblies.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas P. Erb
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
North America ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Saving Energy ◽  
Passive House ◽  
Building Science ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption

A superinsulated home has many attractive attributes including reducing CO2, saving energy and smaller energy bills. The Passive House certification—which originated in Europe—proves that superinsulating is an effective way to reduce energy consumption. As the popularity of superinsulation grows in North America, the need to assess the buildability of these structures increases. This MRP identifies six metrics of buildability for wood framed, superinsulated walls and creates a tool which can be used to assess the buildability of these assemblies. The tool will assess a specific set of working drawings in their local context. The tool is simple to use, assuming that the user has an understanding of the basics of building science and an understanding of the capabilities of the local trades and the local availability of materials. The initial tool was tested by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of a series of case studies for most of the metrics. A revised tool is proposed which has been refined to address the shortcomings of the initial tool.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in People with Intellectual Disability

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
Kiriakos Xenitidis ◽  
Shazia Zahid ◽  
Caryl Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Research Findings

People with intellectual disability (ID) are more susceptible to mental disorders including mental illness and developmental disorders, such as autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The identification of comorbidities is an important task for the clinician as, in addition to clarifying the diagnosis, it carries implications for the treatment and prognosis. This chapter aims to explore the association between ID and ADHD and review the key research findings. The validity of the diagnosis of ADHD in ID is considered. The assessment issues relating to the diagnosis of ADHD in this population are discussed. The questions around treatment and management are summarized and, finally, the clinical implications are highlighted.

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