Die Gedeckten Schäden des Gehirns (Closed Injuries to the Brain). Experimental Investigations with One, Two, or Repeated Blows with a Blunt Instrument to the Skull. By Friedrich Unterharnscheidt. Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 1963. Pp. vi+124 and 67 illustrations. Price DM. 48.

1964 ◽  
Vol 110 (466) ◽  
pp. 447-448
Author(s):  
A. Spencer Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
The Brain

Cybernetic times: Norbert Wiener, John Stroud, and the ‘brain clock’ hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-108
Author(s):  
Henning Schmidgen
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
World War ◽  
Norbert Wiener ◽  
Temporal Structures ◽  
Clock Hypothesis ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Brain

In 1955, Norbert Wiener suggested a sociological model according to which all forms of culture ultimately depended on the temporal coordination of human activities, in particular their synchronization. The basis for Wiener’s model was provided by his insights into the temporal structures of cerebral processes. This article reconstructs the historical context of Wiener’s ‘brain clock’ hypothesis, largely via his dialogues with John W. Stroud and other scholars working at the intersection of neurophysiology, experimental psychology, and electrical engineering. Since the 19th century, physiologists and psychologists have been conducting experimental investigations into the relation between time and the brain. Using innovative instruments and technologies, Stroud rehearsed these experiments, in part without paying any attention at all to the experimental traditions involved. Against this background, this article argues that the novelty of Wiener’s model relies largely on his productive rephrasing of physiological and psychological findings that had been established long before the Second World War.

scholarly journals CAUSATIVE-INVESTIGATORY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BOWELS MICROBIOTA AND CLINICAL COURSE OF ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION DAMAGE OF THE BRAIN

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Tkachuk ◽  
M.A. Povar ◽  
V.I. Shtefaniuk ◽  
O.V. Tkachuk
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Ratio Change ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Brain

The purpose – to carry out the analysis of the current data concerning relationships inthe “bowels microbiota-brain” system at ischemia-reperfusion damages of the brain.Conclusions.1. The analysis of the literature data testify to the views discrepancy, existing today, on therole of the bowels dysbacteriosis (neuroprotective or neurodegenerative) in the clinicalcourse of ischemic damages of the brain.2. Numerous experimental investigations substantiated the bowels microbiota role:homeostasis derangements of T-cells, which have the determined role in the secondaryneuroinflammation following cerebral ischemia; in the ratio change of their subpopulationsTreg-Th17 and migration of the bowels lymphocytes into the ischemic brain.

scholarly journals ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE 1L1 IN RAT BRAIN CELLS

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
E G Sukhorukova ◽  
D A Sufieva ◽  
D E Korzhevskii
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Immunocytochemical Detection ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Brain

Aldehyde dehydrogenase belonging to family 1, member L1 (Aldh1L1) is one of the most important enzymes called astrocytes that determine such important functions of these cells as participation in folate metabolism and inactivation of formiate in the CNS. The aim of this study was immunocytochemical detection of cells synthetizing Aldh1L1 in rat brain, and determination of their topography and morphology features. The brain of adult male Wistar rats (n=10) was used at the work. The material was fixed in zinc-ethanol-formaldehyde, a special fixative providing high preservation of antigenic determinants. It was shown that A ldh1L1 is detected in all brain anatomic structures. Among brain cells expressing Aldh1L1 macroglia cells - astrocytes and ep-endymocytes - were identified. In astrocytes the most intensive immunohistochemical reaction was observed in the endfeets of processes of these cells and in superficial astrocytes forming the superficial glial border membrane. In ependymocytes, the product of immune reaction was detected in the cytoplasm as numerous granules of various shapes and size (from 0.1x0.2 to 1.3X3.7 pm). The predominant localization of Aldh1L1 in brain cells involved in transport of substances through blood-brain, CSF-brain, and CSF-blood barriers allows one to expect that this protein will prove to be useful functional marker during experimental investigations of the CNS barrier system and evaluating the reaction of brain to toxic metabolic products of alcohol surrogates.

Active Sensing -Closing Multiple Loops

1998 ◽  
Vol 53 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 542-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter König ◽  
Harald Luksch
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
External Information ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Active Sensing ◽  
Levels Of Processing ◽  
System Description ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Prevailing View

Abstract In this contribution, it is argued that the prevailing view of the sensory system as an intricate, but passive processor of external information does not capture the full complexity of brain performance. Instead, we try to reinforce a notion that sees the brain as a system embedded within the environment and actively exploring it. We will attempt to emphasize the bidirectional interaction between brain and environment at all levels of processing and at different scales of the system description. This modified approach to the understanding of the brain has profound consequences for experimental investigations, starting with the experimental design and extending into data analysis and interpretation.

Finite Element Simulation of Cooling of Realistic 3-D Human Head and Neck

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian H. Dennis ◽  
Robert C. Eberhart ◽  
George S. Dulikravich ◽  
Steve W. Radons
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Treatment Comparison ◽  
External Cooling ◽  
Preservation Method ◽  
The Brain

Rapid cooling of the brain in the first minutes following the onset of cerebral ischemia is a potentially attractive preservation method. This computer modeling study was undertaken to examine brain-cooling profiles in response to various external cooling methods and protocols, in order to guide the development of clinical cooling devices. The criterion of successful cooling is the attainment of a 33.0°C average brain temperature within 30 minutes of treatment. Comparison of the finite element model results with a formal mathematical solution, give confidence that the simulation methods are sound. The cooling simulations considered to date all indicate that no one means of external cooling of the head or neck is sufficient to cool the brain in a reasonable period of time (30 minutes). Neither ice packs applied to head or neck, or cooling helmets can satisfy the 33.0°C target temperature specification. This central conclusion of insubstantial cooling is supported by the modest enhancements reported in experimental investigations of externally applied cooling. The key problem is overcoming the protective effect of warm blood perfusion, which reaches the brain via the uncooled carotid arterial supply and effectively blocks the external cooling wave from advancing to the core of the brain. This suggests that other cooling means should be explored requiring a realistic simulation of cooling of other pertinent parts of the human anatomy.

Finite-Element Simulation of Cooling of Realistic 3-D Human Head and Neck

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 832-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian H. Dennis ◽  
Robert C. Eberhart ◽  
George S. Dulikravich ◽  
Steve W. Radons
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Tissue Properties ◽  
External Cooling ◽  
Preservation Method ◽  
The Brain

Rapid cooling of the brain in the first minutes following the onset of cerebral ischemia is a potentially attractive preservation method. This computer modeling study was undertaken to examine brain-cooling profiles in response to various external cooling methods and protocols, in order to guide the development of cooling devices suitable for deployment on emergency medical vehicles. The criterion of successful cooling is taken to be the attainment of a 33°C average brain temperature within 30 min of treatment. The transient cooling of an anatomically correct realistic 3-D head and neck with realistically varying local tissue properties was numerically simulated using the finite-element method (FEM). The simulations performed in this study consider ice packs applied to head and neck as well as using a head-cooling helmet. However, it was found that neither of these cooling approaches satisfies the 33°C temperature within 30 min. This central conclusion of insubstantial cooling is supported by the modest enhancements reported in experimental investigations of externally applied cooling. The key problem is overcoming the protective effect of warm blood perfusion, which reaches the brain via the uncooled carotid arterial supply and effectively blocks the external cooling wave from advancing to the core of the brain. The results show that substantial cooling could be achieved in conjunction with neck cooling if the blood speed in the carotid artery is reduced from normal by a factor of 10. The results suggest that additional cooling means should be explored, such as cooling of other pertinent parts of the human anatomy.

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