The Sodium Chloride Crystallization Test and its Relation to the Blood-C.S.F. Barrier

1942 ◽  
Vol 88 (372) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ström-Olsen ◽  
E. de C. Kite
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Microscope Slide ◽  
Narrow Strip ◽  
Parallel Lines ◽  
Cent Saline ◽  
Concentric Circles

In 1936 Tomesco (1) and his co-workers described changes in the crystallization of sodium chloride produced by the addition of small amounts of cerebrospinal fluid to 0.8 per cent. saline. A drop of *8 per cent. NaCl solution dried on a microscope slide at 75° C. produces a thin circumference of crystals surrounding an empty space. If normal C.S.F. is added in proportions of 1 C.S.F. to 20, 40 or 60 parts saline the central empty space is replaced by a thin translucent film of crystals, which in the higher dilutions begins to show lacunae. In a dilution of 1 in 120 this translucent film is reduced to a narrow strip along the inner margin of the circumference. Microscopically the translucent area is found to consist of concentric circles, feather- or spear-shaped crystals, parallel lines, needles, etc., well organized in the low dilutions, but not organized in a dilution of 1 in 120. This is regarded as the normal crystal picture.

On the treatment of infected wounds with 10% sodium chloride solution

1929 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 578-578
Author(s):  
I. Tsimkhes
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Infected Wounds

B. M. Shtark (Zhurn. Sovrem, surgery, century 20, 1929) treated 104 patients with purulent panaritiums, opened acute abscesses and phlegmons, lymphadenitis, mumps, mastitis, etc., treated with 10% NaCl solution

Angiotensin and Na appetite of sheep

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (4) ◽  
pp. R690-R699 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Weisinger ◽  
D. A. Denton ◽  
M. J. McKinley ◽  
A. F. Muller ◽  
E. Tarjan
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Parotid Saliva ◽  
Continuous Access ◽  
Access To Water

The effect of both intravenous (iv; 24 micrograms/h) and intracerebroventricular (ivt; 3.8 micrograms/h) infusion over 1-2 days of angiotensin II (ANG II) on Na intake of both Na-replete and -deplete sheep (i.e., 22 h loss of parotid saliva) was observed. In Na-replete sheep with continuous access to water and 2-h daily access to 0.5 M NaCl solution, both iv and ivt ANG II caused an increase in Na intake. The increase in Na intake caused by iv or ivt ANG II was preceded by a Na deficit due to increased urinary Na excretion. The increase in Na intake was eliminated by the continuous return of urine. In Na-deplete sheep with continuous access to water and 2-h daily access to 0.6 M NaHCO3 solution, iv ANG II caused no change in Na loss but a small increase in Na intake during the 1st day of infusion. The ivt ANG II caused no change in Na loss or in Na intake. The iv ANG II caused a small and inconsistent increase in water intake in Na-replete sheep but did not cause any change in water intake of Na-deplete sheep. The ivt ANG II caused a large increase in water intake in both Na-replete and -deplete sheep. In both Na-replete and -deplete sheep, iv ANG II did not alter cerebrospinal fluid or plasma [Na] or osmolality but decreased plasma [K]. The ivt ANG II decreased both cerebrospinal fluid and plasma [Na] and osmolality. The results of the present experiments are consistent with the proposition that the ANG II-induced Na appetite in sheep is largely due to an ANG II-induced Na loss preceding the development of appetite.

A Multilateral, Multi-Interaction Approach to Rumor Analysis

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Robert M. Murphey ◽  
Edward G. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Second Phase ◽  
Communications Networks ◽  
Monotonic Functions ◽  
Parallel Lines ◽  
Concentric Circles ◽  
Interaction Approach

Novel communications networks were employed in an attempt to minimize some objections to the Allport and Postman (1946) method of rumor analysis and to test their construct regarding the intensity of rumor, R ~ i × a. The first phase involved the rotation of one of two concentric circles; a sliding parallel Lines technique was used in the second phase. Segments of the information to be exchanged originated from a number of different Ss and were passed on in a multilateral rather than unilateral fashion. Three levels of i and five levels of a were manipulated Scores for both leveling and extraneous details were derived. Extraneous detail scores were found to be unreliable. Obtained leveling score for curves were U-shaped rather than ascending monotonic functions as would be expected from the model. Results were discussed in terms of the possible effects of difficulty and attentional factors.

scholarly journals Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride Solution and Comparison to Seawater

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karan H. Mistry ◽  
John H. Lienhard
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Natural Seawater ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Chemical Thermodynamic ◽  
Work Of Separation ◽  
Property Data ◽  
Fugacity Coefficients ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract Proper evaluation of the Gibbs free energy and other properties of seawater and other aqueous solutions is essential in the analysis of desalination systems. Standard seawater has been studied extensively and property data are readily accessible. However, many aqueous solutions requiring desalination have significantly different compositions from seawater and seawater data are generally not accurate for these solutions. Experimental data for a given aqueous solution may be unavailable under the conditions of interest. Therefore, there is a need to model relevant physical properties from chemical thermodynamic principles. In particular, for solutions that are not ideal, the activity and fugacity coefficients must be considered. In this paper, the effect of nonidealities in sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions is considered through a parametric study of the least work of separation for a desalination system. This study is used to determine the conditions under which the ideal solution approximation is valid and also to determine when an NaCl solution is a good approximation to standard seawater. It is found that the ideal solution approximation is reasonable within ranges of salinities and recovery ratios typical of those found in the seawater desalination industry because many of the nonidealities cancel out, but not because the solution behaves ideally. Additionally, it is found that NaCl solutions closely approximate natural seawater only at salinities typically found in seawater and not for salinities found in typical brackish waters.

Improvement in the corrosion resistance of stainless steel 304L in sodium chloride solution by a nanoclay incorporated silane coating

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 706-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ansari ◽  
R. Naderi ◽  
C. Dehghanian
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Stainless Steel 304L ◽  
Silane Coating

An eco-friendly silane sol–gel coating incorporating nanoclay was formulated to provide an effective corrosion protection for stainless steel 304L in a NaCl solution.

scholarly journals HALOTOLERANCE AEROMONADS ISOLATED FROM WATER AND PERCH (SANDER LUCIOPERCA) IN THE DELTA OF THE VOLGA RIVER

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-242
Author(s):  
Olga V. Obukhova ◽  
L. V. Lartseva
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
River Ecosystem ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Sander Lucioperca ◽  
Volga River ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Stability Indices ◽  
Peptone Broth

The article presents the results of a study of halotolerance in aeromonads isolated from 447 specimens of perch (Sander lucioperca) and 375 water samples in areas of its habitat in the delta of the Volga River. They were subdominant in the microbial landscape of these biotopes. There were no significant differences inoculation aeromonads found in various parts of the delta. Their halotolerance was studied by means of inoculation of daily pure cultures of meat--peptone broth with 3, 7 and 10% of sodium chloride content and incubation at 37◦C. All the studied microflora of this spieces was established to have significant indices of halotolerance with a predominance in water isolates. Whereby in cases of 3.0 and 7.0% NaCl concentrations were 2.2 times more and in the 10.0% NaCl solution with water and fish strains had similar indices, showing them to be of “marine origin”. Among isolated aeromonads, shattering the water and fish most halophilic strains of A. hydrophila and A. sobria, and halophobic strains were presented by A. caviae. As a rule, water strains had stability indices above in the average of 1.3 times higher than fish ones. Epidemiologically important strains of A. sobria were isolated from water more frequently than from fish, whereas A. hydrophila was isolated as in water as in fish at the same level. Halotolerance of isolated aeromonads in hydroecosystems of the delta of the Volga River had seasonal specificity and dynamics. The gain in halotolerance in aquatic strains of aeromonads in spring and autumn was caused by natural and climatic processes and the elevation in the salinity of delta waters. Enhanced halophilic strains of fish in these seasons is determined by their migration with fish, because in seasons pike migrates from the sea to the river ecosystem.

scholarly journals SOLUTION- 01 - Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solution v1 (protocols.io.biyvkfw6)

protocols.io ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Cosentino ◽  
Elisa Storelli ◽  
Alessandra Luini ◽  
Massimiliano Legnaro ◽  
Emanuela Rasini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Nacl Solution

scholarly journals Effects of hypertonic saline preloading in sub arachnoid blockade for transurethral resection of prostate - A comparative study

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Amirul Islam ◽  
Md Rafayet Ullah Siddique ◽  
Md Mustafa Kamal ◽  
Debabrata Banik ◽  
AKM Akhtaruzzaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Group A ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Group B

Background: Hypertonic solution is used to combat hypotension in sub-arachnoid block during trans urethral resection of prostate. Aims and objectives: To compare the effect of 3% sodium chloride solution with that of 0.9% sodium chloride solution, to combat sub-arachnoid block induced hypotension in trans urethral resection of prostate. Methods: A total number of sixty patients ASA grade I & II were selected randomly in two groups , thirty in each group. Group A received 15ml/kg of 0.9% NaCl solution and group B 4ml/kg of 3% NaCl solution as a preload. Sub arachnoid block performed at the L3/4 interspace in the sitting position. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, amount of ephedrine, amount of used additional I/V normal saline, serum electrolytes and level of sensory block were observed. Results: Mean arterial pressure was differed significantly at late hours ie, 50min, 60min (P<0.001). Incidence of hypotension was 43% in group A, 16% in group B and was significant (p<0.05). Less additional I/V fluid was required in group B and difference was significant (P<0.05). Low doses of ephedrine was needed in group B and was highly significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: Preloading of hypertonic solution is superior to isotonic solution in trans urethral resection of prostate under sub arachnoid block. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v22i2.18145 Journal of BSA, 2009; 22(2): 66-71

RECLAMATION OF SOILS CONTAMINATED BY SODIUM CHLORIDE

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. DE JONG
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Rule Of Thumb ◽  
Percolation Rate ◽  
Exchangeable Form

Soil samples contaminated in the laboratory with a NaCl solution were leached with water after various amendments had been added. With no amendments added, percolation rates were reduced more on a light-textured Dark Brown Chernozemic A than on a medium-textured Black Chernozemic A. Undisturbed B horizon cores showed a smaller decrease in percolation rate than the A horizons, but natural gypsum or carbonates were of no benefit in maintaining percolation through the unamended contaminated subsoils. Percolation generally increased as more Ca-amendment was added to the contaminated A horizons, but rate of (surface-applied) amendment had no effect on the percolation through the B horizon cores. Gypsum mixed into the contaminated soil was much more effective than gypsum applied on the surface; adding NH4NO3 to the gypsum had no effect. The efficiency of incorporated amendments decreased in the order: gypsum > MgSO4 > Ca(NO3)2. Surface-applied Ca(NO3)2 was a better amendment than mixed-in Ca(NO3)2. Caching losses decreased in the order: Cl > Na > Mg > Ca > K. Initial losses of Cl, Na, Mg and Ca were faster than expected from the rule of thumb that one pore volume of water reduces the salt content by about one-half. Subsequently, losses were much slower than in the rule of thumb as most of the remaining cations are in exchangeable form.

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