scholarly journals Childhood family income, adolescent violent criminality and substance misuse: quasi-experimental total population study

2014 ◽  
Vol 205 (4) ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Sariaslan ◽  
Henrik Larsson ◽  
Brian D'Onofrio ◽  
Niklas Långström ◽  
Paul Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Familial Risk Factors ◽  
Family Based

BackgroundLow socioeconomic status in childhood is a well-known predictor of subsequent criminal and substance misuse behaviours but the causal mechanisms are questioned.AimsTo investigate whether childhood family income predicts subsequent violent criminality and substance misuse and whether the associations are in turn explained by unobserved familial risk factors.MethodNationwide Swedish quasi-experimental, family-based study following cohorts born 1989–1993 (ntotal = 526 167, ncousins = 262 267, nsiblings = 216 424) between the ages of 15 and 21 years.ResultsChildren of parents in the lowest income quintile experienced a seven-fold increased hazard rate (HR) of being convicted of violent criminality compared with peers in the highest quintile (HR = 6.78, 95% CI 6.23–7.38). This association was entirely accounted for by unobserved familial risk factors (HR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.44–2.03). Similar pattern of effects was found for substance misuse.ConclusionsThere were no associations between childhood family income and subsequent violent criminality and substance misuse once we had adjusted for unobserved familial risk factors.

scholarly journals Factors associated to breastfeeding in the first hour of life: systematic review

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Maria Brasil Esteves ◽  
Regina Paiva Daumas ◽  
Maria Inês Couto de Oliveira ◽  
Carlos Augusto de Ferreira de Andrade ◽  
Iuri Costa Leite
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Home Delivery ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE To identify independent risk factors for non-breastfeeding within the first hour of life.METHODS A systematic review of Medline, LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases, till August 30, 2013, was performed without restrictions on language or date of publishing. Studies that used regression models and provided adjusted measures of association were included. Studies in which the regression model was not specified or those based on specific populations regarding age or the presence of morbidities were excluded.RESULTS The search resulted in 155 articles, from which 18 met the inclusion criteria. These were conducted in Asia (9), Africa (5), and South America (4), between 1999 and 2013. The prevalence of breastfeeding within the first hour of life ranged from 11.4%, in a province of Saudi Arabia, to 83.3% in Sri Lanka. Cesarean delivery was the most consistent risk factor for non-breastfeeding within the first hour of life. “Low family income”, “maternal age less than 25 years”, “low maternal education”, “no prenatal visit”, “home delivery”, “no prenatal guidance on breastfeeding” and “preterm birth” were reported as risk factors in at least two studies.CONCLUSIONS Besides the hospital routines, indicators for low socioeconomic status and poor access to health services were also identified as independent risk factors for non-breastfeeding within the first hour of life. Policies to promote breastfeeding, appropriate to each context, should aim to reduce inequalities in health.

scholarly journals Incidence and Risk Factors of Rachitic Genu Varus in Preschool Children in a Paediatric Health Institute in Egypt as One of the Developing Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 412-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherif N.G. Bishay ◽  
Mostafa H. A. El-Sherbini ◽  
Amre A. Azzam ◽  
Ashraf A. Lotfy
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Egyptian Children ◽  
Genu Varus

Background:Rachitic genu varus is one of the common conditions among the Egyptian children, despite the shinning sun of Egypt all the year.Purpose:The aim of the study was to estimate the incidence of rachitic genu varus among the Egyptian children, and to assess the risk factors contributing to it.Patients and Methods:This prospective study recruited a total of 250 consecutive children, being 130 males and 120 females, with rachitic bow legs or genu varus, between 2 - 4 years of age, together with 250 controls of the same age group, out of a total number of 1900 children with other types of rickets, and other children's orthopaedic diseases, who presented to the National Institute of Neuromotor System in Egypt between September 2014 to September 2015. The cases and the controls were subjected to clinical, laboratory biochemical, and plain radiographic examinations. Their parents were subjected to epidemiological, maternal, and nutritional questionnaires.Results:The calculations revealed high incidence (13.1%) of rachitic genu varus. The risk factors were low socioeconomic status, insufficient family income, poor housing conditions, lack of exposure to sunlight due to cultural practices, sole breast feeding, and inadequate supplementation of vitamin D to the children and the pregnant women. Thepvalue was <0.05.Conclusion:Vitamin D deficiency rachitic genu varus is a multifactorial condition in Egypt. Raising the standard of living, level of education, housings, and dietary supplementation of vitamin D to the pregnant women and infants are the solution.

Epidemiology of childhood anxiety disorders

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-191
Author(s):  
I Jalenques ◽  
AJ Coudert
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Childhood Anxiety ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Childhood Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Familial Risk Factors

SummaryThis review studies the epidemiology of anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence, including prevalence rates, comorbidity patterns, risk factors and course. Comorbidity is very important: most children with anxiety disorders also have one or several other anomalies, usually anxiety or mood disorders. The authors point out the main evidence suggesting that a number of risk factors are associated with childhood anxiety disorders: age, sex, low socioeconomic setting; child's personality, and lastly, familial risk factors which have a very strong influence: children of parents with current or past anxiety disorders are more at risk of having anxiety disorders. Concerning the course of disorders, we have tentatively defined subsets of children or adolescents with anxiety disorders, and tried to clarify the recovery rate of these subsets. Future directions for research are suggested.

Familial risk factors and the familial aggregation of psychiatric disorders

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Potential Importance ◽  
Obstetric Injury ◽  
Familial Risk Factors

SynopsisAll major psychiatric disorders aggregate in families. For most disorders, both genes and environmental factors play an important role in this aggregation. While recent work has tended to concentrate on the importance of genetic factors, this report focuses on the potential importance of environmental risk factors which themselves aggregate in families. In particular, this article examines how much of the familial aggregation of a psychiatric disorder may result from the familial aggregation of a risk factor. The model is illustrated and then applied to putative familial risk factors for schizophrenia and depression. The results of the model suggest that if parental loss and exposure to pathogenic rearing practices are true risk factors for depression, then they could account for a significant proportion of the familial aggregation of depression. By contrast, the model predicts that even if obstetric injury and low social class are true risk factors for schizophrenia, they together would account for only a very small proportion of the tendency for schizophrenia to aggregate in families.

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