Accounting for change orders

At the turn of the 20th century, terra cotta flat arches (TCFA’s) were a popular floor system in steel framed buildings for industrial and office construction in the United States. These arches were lighter but just as fireproof as standard brick arches, and were designed empirically using proprietary allowable load tables, which were based mostly on load testing.In the 21st century, the proprietary nature of the TCFA makes evaluating these systems problematic for the modern engineer, architect, and contractor. Renovations of buildings with TCFA floor assemblies typically will have new penetrations as well as altered loading conditions from its original construction.It is important for all parties involved in the design and construction process of a renovation to understand the history, mechanisms, and limitations of TCFAs in order to have a successful renovation from both a design and a cost perspective. Conversely, renovating a building without the proper knowledge or experience with the existing materials can lead to change orders, time overruns, and most importantly life safety risks.This paper is a summary of a presentation given by the same author to the Association for Preservation Technology (APT) conference in September, 2018. A more in-depth paper by the same author and colleagues Derek Trelstad and Rebecca Buntrock will appear as an article in the APT Bulletin in 2019.

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Delay and cost overrun in road construction projects in Jordan

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v4i2.4409 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 288 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Nabil Al-Hazim ◽

Zaydoun Abusalem

Keyword(s):

Construction Projects ◽

Road Construction ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Public Works ◽

Fiscal Year ◽

Cost Overrun ◽

Construction Time ◽

Change Orders ◽

Critical Problems ◽

The Cost

This study aims to identify the most important factors that cause delay in road construction projects in Jordan, which results in cost and time overrun allocated for this type of engineering projects and cause critical problems for both the developer and the contractor. The gap between the cost at completion and that originally estimated, known as cost overrun, can be regarded as one of the most important parameters reflecting the success of projects. In the public sector, money spent on project change orders results in increased construction time which in return reduces the number and size of the projects that can be completed during any given fiscal year. To achieve this goal, the documents and the final reports for several sample projects implemented over the years 2000 to 2008 were analyzed. All the projects were administered by the same organization taken from Jordan Ministry of Rural and Public Works. The results of this study can assist highway officials in their design, planning, scheduling and projects completions so that necessary actions can be taken to control these overruns in future projects. The study showed that 19 factors might cause delays of road construction projects as defined through a detailed literature review. The analysis of the study indicated that the top causes affecting time and cost overrun in road construction projects in Jordan are Terrain and Weather conditions.

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Comparison of DB to DBB on highway projects in Washington State, USA

International Journal of Construction Supply Chain Management ◽

10.14424/ijcscm802018-73-86 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 73-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

George Okere ◽

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Methods ◽

Washington State ◽

The Body ◽

Project Delivery ◽

Delivery Methods ◽

Highway Projects ◽

Change Orders ◽

Contract Duration ◽

Comparative Results ◽

Washington State Department

Comparative evaluations of design-build (DB), to design-bid-build (DBB), aredocumented in literature. However, a recent study suggests that even though several studies have been completed to compare DB and DBB, there are few statistically significant comparative results. Comparative analyses of highway projects of the same scope, size, and type could provide the basis to make the argument for the use of either DB or DBB on highway projects. The objective of this research is to compare DB to DBB on highway projects. The basis of comparison includes project cost, contract duration, number and type of contract change orders. Projects used for this research were obtained from the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). The projects were subsequently selected based on project scope,size, and type, and then analysed using quantitative methods. The research found that there is enough evidence to support the use of DB over DBB on highway projects. The findings of this study have significant implications for practitioners and policymakers on highway projects and should inform decisions on the choice of project delivery method. The main limitation of the research is that the study used only 14 projects due to the difficulty of finding matching projects,and as such the results could not be generalized. However, the findings add to the body of research on criteria for comparing DB to DBB. To enhance understanding of how project scope, size, and type might affect or be affected by project delivery methods,the research recommends the standardization of project types classification for highway projects

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PENGARUH CHANGE ORDER TERHADAP BIAYA, MUTU, DAN WAKTU PADA PROYEK KONSTRUKSI GEDUNG BERTINGKAT

JMTS: Jurnal Mitra Teknik Sipil ◽

10.24912/jmts.v3i4.8233 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 1349

Author(s):

Hendy Eka Putra ◽

Hendrik Sulistio

Keyword(s):

Construction Projects ◽

Building Construction ◽

Time Analysis ◽

Volume Changes ◽

Change Orders ◽

Project Completion ◽

Work Volume ◽

Design Changes ◽

Change Order ◽

Storey Building

The implementation of the construction project caused miscommunication, this made the contract became a reference during implementation. In the implementation of construction projects, there are often changes that not according to contract, for example: work volume changes, specifications changes, type or method of work changes, schedules changes , design changes, and others. These changes are commonly known as change orders. There are several things that cause a change order, for example: incompletable contract, design does not fit in the field, unsupportive weather, and others. This research is to determine the effect of change order in the aspects of cost, quality, and time in multi-storey building construction projects. Researchers used data from the responses of respondents consisting of contractors, consultants, and owners. The questionnaire made proposes several aspects of change orders and their effects on cost, quality, and time. Analysis of research data was carried out with the help of the SmartPLS 3.0 application program. The influence of change orders on costs is the lack of costs due to the addition of work items, while on quality is the quality decrease due to additional work volume, and on time is the delay in project completion due to changes in completed work.ABSTRAKPelaksanaan proyek konstruksi menyebabkan terjadi perbedaan pendapat yang disebabkan oleh pihak yang terlibat, hal ini membuat kontrak menjadi sangat penting dan menjadi acuan selama pelaksanaan. Pada pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi sering terjadi perubahan-perubahan yang akhirnya tidak sesuai dengan kontrak sebelumnya contohnya seperti: perubahan volume pekerjaan, perubahan spesifikasi, perubahan jenis atau metode pekerjaan, perubahan jadwal, perubahan design, dan lain-lain. Perubahan ini umum sekali terjadi dalam proyek konstruksi dan lebih sering dikenal sebagai change order. Ada beberapa hal yang menyebabkan perlunya dilakukan change order, misalnya: kontrak yang dibuat tidak lengkap, design yang ada tidak sesuai dengan kondisi lapangan, cuaca yang tidak mendukung, dan lain-lain. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui besar pengaruh change order dalam aspek biaya, mutu, dan waktu dalam proyek konstruksi gedung bertingkat. Peneliti menggunakan data dari hasil tanggapan responden yang terdiri dari kontraktor, konsultan, dan pemilik. Kuesioner yang dibuat mengajukan beberapa aspek mengenai change order serta pengaruhnya terhadap biaya, mutu, dan waktu. Analisis data penelitian dilakukan dengan bantuan program aplikasi SmartPLS 3.0. Pengaruh change order terhadap biaya adalah kurangnya biaya akibat penambahan item pekerjaan, sedangkan terhadap mutu adalah menurunnya kualitas bangunan akibat penambahan volume pekerjaan, dan terhadap waktu adalah terjadinya keterlambatan penyelesaian proyek akibat perubahan pekerjaan yang telah selesai.

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Investigating Variation Orders Causes in Iraqi Building Construction Projects

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202131802003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 318 ◽

pp. 02003

Author(s):

Hassan Kamal Alhilli ◽

Sedki I. Rezoqi

Keyword(s):

Construction Industry ◽

Construction Projects ◽

Harmful Effect ◽

Fuzzy Cognitive Map ◽

Future Research ◽

Change Orders ◽

Management Processes ◽

And Performance ◽

The Relationship ◽

Comprehensive Reference

Changes are a common phenomenon in the construction industry, impacting the project's cost, time, and performance. The purpose of this work is to a comprehensive review relating to variation order causes. Also, the aim here is to determine variation order causes in the building’s construction. More importantly, explore the relationship between these causes. However, the importance of specifying the causes for change orders is the first step in managing variation orders to reduce the harmful effect on a project. The field survey was conducted for several institutions such as health (Karkh’s health), higher education (University of Baghdad and University of Kufa). As a result, a field visit was made to the project sites. They were then, Conducting interviews with the resident engineer, the consultant, and the contractor. A developer tool called cause (variation orders) breakdown structure (CBS) included 12 causes at the first level, including 103 sub-causes. There is a relationship between the variation orders causes, which is evident in the third level. The study recommends adopting (CBS) a comprehensive reference for variation order causes in projects due to facilitating their management processes. Future research could examine the relative importance of variation order causes, in addition to using a fuzzy cognitive map to find the extent of each cause’s influence on the other.

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Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Managing Construction Claims: Now and Beyond – A Review (Jordan Perspective)

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.a2551.059720 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1099-1115

Keyword(s):

Construction Industry ◽

Construction Projects ◽

Management Practices ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Cycle Phase ◽

Change Orders ◽

Construction Claims ◽

Building Information ◽

Life Cycle Phase

As the intricacy of construction projects is amassed, prospects for tribulations are mounting, depicting negative impact on projects’ cost, time and excellence. Thus, eliciting claims that aredisruptive to projects, time consuming and exorbitant. BIM holds enormousprobable in prosperous claim management practices. The progression of BIM can enrich knowledge sharing for information of a building or facility. It forms a vitalbase for decision making throughout the life cycle phase from the conceptual design to demolition. BIM is also, a valuable multidisciplinary cohesive source of information technology that posts benefits and disputes in the construction industry. The main aspiration of this paper is to appraise how and to what magnitude BIM can help evading and plummeting claims in Jordan construction industry.The paper ran a literature review on recent research, industry reports, and other sources to seehow they identified claims, its classifications, benefits, impacts and challenges of BIM on construction projects.Also, the paper acknowledgedcontemporaneous challenges in the claims field and the construction industry as whole. The attained outcomes have shown that BIM overtakes traditional claim management practices in many aspects including recognizing and investigating claims, where the benefits are comprehended in time and cost savings, less change orders, less rework. Moreover, the information and knowledge management that BIM postulates can improve many aspects of claim management.

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Cafebr - Citation Amender/Formatter for Biological Research

Research Ideas and Outcomes ◽

10.3897/rio.4.e29773 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Author(s):

Daisuke Tsugama

Keyword(s):

User Interface ◽

Biological Research ◽

Reference List ◽

Article Title ◽

Web Browser ◽

Change Orders ◽

Final Output

A reference list is an essential part of a manuscript for an academic article. It is often necessary to reformat (i.e., change orders of pieces of article information such as authors, article title, publication year, and journal where the article was published) of a preformatted reference list when a manuscript is declined by one journal and submitted to another. EndNote, Zotero and Mendeley are examples of sophisticated reference management programs that help generate a reference list with less errors. However, their multifunctionality seems to have complicated the process of generating a reference list: they require many selection steps to obtain a final output, and also require to manually edit a file outside the execuiton program even to make small changes in the output. The author developed a program, Cafebr (Citation Amender/Formatter for Biological Research), to more simply generate a reference list for an article of biological research. It is written in HTML/JavaScript, and as such works on a web browser on any platform. On Cafebr, articles for a final reference list can be either given by a user or collected from PubMed. Pieces of article information are then extracted according to the format of these articles or to the delimiters designated by a user. Preset formats for output are currently only four, but all of them can be directly edited on the user interface, allowing to change output formats quickly and flexibly. All of the functions of Cafebr is available on its website (either http://stdtgm.itigo.jp/cafebr/cafebr.html (main) or http://studtsugama.s1006.xrea.com/cafebr/cafebr.xhtm (backup)) with aids of a CGI program. A stand-alone version of Cafebr is available at these websites or Zenodo (10.5281/zenodo.1404887).

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