Extractable Al, Fe, Mn, and Si

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Turmel ◽  
F Courchesne
Keyword(s):  
Extractable Al

scholarly journals Relationship between soil oxidizable carbon and physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of umbric ferralsols

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Adriano Marques ◽  
Márcia Regina Calegari ◽  
Pablo Vidal-Torrado ◽  
Peter Buurman
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Soil Variables ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Mineralogical Properties ◽  
Extractable Al

The occurrence of Umbric Ferralsols with thick umbric epipedons (> 100 cm thickness) in humid Tropical and Subtropical areas is a paradox since the processes of organic matter decomposition in these environments are very efficient. Nevertheless, this soil type has been reported in areas in the Southeast and South of Brazil, and at some places in the Northeast. Aspects of the genesis and paleoenvironmental significance of these Ferralsols still need a better understanding. The processes that made the umbric horizons so thick and dark and contributed to the preservation of organic carbon (OC) at considerable depths in these soils are of special interest. In this study, eight Ferralsols with a thick umbric horizon (UF) under different vegetation types were sampled (tropical rain forest, tropical seasonal forest and savanna woodland) and their macromorphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties studied to detect soil characteristics that could explain the preservation of high carbon amounts at considerable depths. The studied UF are clayey to very clayey, strongly acidic, dystrophic, and Al-saturated and charcoal fragments are often scattered in the soil matrix. Kaolinites are the main clay minerals in the A and B horizons, followed by abundant gibbsite and hydroxyl-interlayered vermiculite. The latter was only found in UFs derived from basalt rock in the South of the country. Total carbon (TC) ranged from 5 to 101 g kg-1 in the umbric epipedon. Dichromate-oxidizable organic carbon represented nearly 75 % of TC in the thick A horizons, while non-oxidizable C, which includes recalcitrant C (e.g., charcoal), contributed to the remaining 25 % of TC. Carbon contents were not related to most of the inorganic soil variables studied, except for oxalate-extractable Al, which individually explained 69 % (P < 0.001) of the variability of TC in the umbric epipedon. Clay content was not suited as predictor of TC or of the other studied C forms. Bulk density, exchangeable Al3+, Al saturation, ECEC and other parameters obtained by selective extraction were not suitable as predictors of TC and other C forms. Interactions between organic matter and poorly crystalline minerals, as indicated by oxalate-extractable Al, appear to be one of the possible organic matter protection mechanisms of these soils.

A SUB-TILL SAPROLITE AND THE OVERLYING SOIL PROFILE NEAR MOUNT ORFORD, SOUTHERN QUEBEC

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. DE KIMPE ◽  
M. R. LAVERDIÈRE ◽  
P. LASALLE
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Magnetic Mineral ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
Extractable Al

A saprolite deposit and the overlying soil profile developed in a glacial diamicton were sampled near Mount Orford, Southern Quebec. The two materials differed mainly by the magnetic mineral and extractable Al contents, by the Fedithionite/Feoxalate ratio and by the mineralogical composition. Illite and chlorite were the dominant clay minerals in the till whereas muscovite and kaolinite were the major minerals in the saprolite. A comparison was also made with another previously described saprolite deposit 4 km away from this one, in which chlorite was slightly transformed to smectite. It is suggested, from the mineral assemblages, that the two saprolites have probably formed at different times, the first one during Tertiary and the second one during an interglacial stage. Key words: Saprolite, glacial diamicton, kaolinite, muscovite, Tertiary alteration

EVALUATION DU PHOSPHORE ASSIMILABLE DES SOLS ACIDES AVEC DIFFERENTES METHODES D’EXTRACTION EN RELATION AVEC LE RENDEMENT DE L’AVOINE ET LES PROPRIETES DU SOL

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. GIROUX ◽  
T. SEN TRAN
Keyword(s):  
P Uptake ◽  
Available P ◽  
Anion Exchange Resins ◽  
P Fixation ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
Fixation Capacity ◽  
Exchange Resins ◽  
Bray 1 ◽  
Extractable Al

The objective of this study was to evaluate different available P extracting methods in relation with soil properties, oat yield and plant P uptake. Six chemical extractants (Bray-1, Bray-2, new Mehlich, North Carolina DA-4, DA-10, and Olsen) and two anion exchange resins (F− and HCO3−) were compared on 42 acid soils. The DA-4, DA-10, new Mehlich, and HCO3− resin methods showed the best correlation with oat yield and plant P uptake. The Bray-1, Bray-2 methods were significantly less correlated than the other methods. The HCO3− resin was better than F− resin to predict plant P uptake and yield. Available P levels as determined by these eight methods were classified poor, medium and rich by the Cate and Nelson procedure. Oxalate extractable Al, pH (NaF), pH (H2O), exchangeable (Ca + Mg), forms of P, maximum P fixation capacity and soil texture have great influence on the plant P uptake. Soil organic matter content and oxalate-extractable Fe had significantly less important an effect. The Bray-1 and Bray-2 methods were the most affected by soil properties especially oxalate-extractable Al. The P-HCl/P-DAF ratio proposed by Mehlich to identify forms of soil P indicated that seven soils contain predominantly Ca-P and 21 soils with predominantly Al-P and Fe-P. This ratio was related with oxalate extractable Al (r = − 0.32*), pH NaF (r = − 0.59**), pH H2O (r = 0.52**) and exchangeable Ca + Mg (r = 0.55**). The maximum P fixation capacity (M) ranged from 150 to 4200 μg P/g soil and was closely related with oxalate-extractable Al (r = 0.81**), pH NaF (r = 0.74**), pH H2O (r = − 0.36*) and Mehlich ratio (r = − 0.33*). The maximum P buffering capacity (Mb) of soils was also measured and showed the best correlation with oxalate-extractable Al (r = 0.84**) and pH NaF (r = 0.53**). Key words: Soil testing, available P, anion exchange resins, P fixation, oxalate-Al, forms of P

Surfactant Effects on Picloram Adsorption by Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 549-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Gaynor ◽  
V. V. Volk
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cationic Surfactant ◽  
Anionic Surfactant ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Surfactant Solution ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Adsorption Sites ◽  
Surfactant Solutions ◽  
Extractable Al

The effects of soil organic matter, clay, extractable Al, cation exchange capacity, and pH on the adsorption of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) from aqueous and surfactant solutions were investigated. Linear adsorption isotherms for the soils were obtained with the Freundlich equation. Of the five soil properties investigated, Freundlich K values correlated with extractable Al and clay content. Picloram adsorption from aqueous solutions and from the non-ionic and anionic surfactant solutions was greater on the soils at pH 5 than at pH 7. The anionic surfactant competed with picloram for adsorption sites on the soils at pH 5. Picloram adsorption from solutions containing 0.1 and 1% cationic surfactant was greater than that from aqeuous and anionic and nonionic surfactant solutions. Picloram adsorption from the 10% cationic surfactant solution was similar on soils with pH 5 and 7 and increased with decreased organic matter content.

ETUDE SUR LA VALEUR DES CRITERES CHIMIQUES PROPOSES PAR LA COMMISSION PEDOLOGIQUE DU CANADA POUR LA CLASSIFICATION TAXONOMIQUE DES SOLS DU QUEBEC

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROGER W. BARIL ◽  
THI SEN TRAN
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Taxonomic Classification ◽  
Single Test ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
Extractable Al

Correlations were made among chemical criteria used for taxonomic soil classificaton. The compared tests were: oxalate Δ (Fe + Al), pyrophosphate-extractable (Fe + Al), oxalate-extractable Al, pH-dependent cation exchange capacity (ΔCEC), ratios of pyrophosphate-extractable (Fe + Al) over clay or over dithionite-extractable (Fe + Al), and finally soil pH measured in 1 M NaF. Significant correlations were found among various measured parameters. However, no single test was found to be reliable as a single criterion when applied to the taxonomic classification of Quebec soils. The two chemical tests, pyrophosphate-extractable (Fe + Al) and its ratio over clay, combined with morphologic criteria appeared useful for classifying Quebec Podzols. A few soils, which presented discrepancies from chemical criteria were found difficult to classify, thus suggesting the possibility of establishing new sub-groups in the Canadain soil taxonomic classification system.

Exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity of forest soil samples: Effects of drying, storage, and horizon

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wietse L. Meyer ◽  
Paul A. Arp
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Storage Effects ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Extractable Al

Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Al, Fe, Mn, and Si extractable with 1 N ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, pH 4.5) and 1 N ammonium acetate (NH4OAc, pH 4.5) were determined for forest soil samples as follows: (1) before drying, and (2) at several time intervals after air-drying (1, 5, 11 and 14 wk). Values for CEC were obtained for the same samples by determining (1) the sum of cations (Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Fe3+, and Mn2+) in the extracts [denoted [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]], and (2) the amount of ammonium retained by the soil samples against water washing [denoted CEC(NH4OAc) and CEC (NH4Cl)]. The soils used in this investigation were taken from four New Brunswick upland forest sites (two sugar maple sites, one mixed wood site, and one spruce site). It was round that (1) extractable Mg, K, Na, and Mn levels were generally not affected by drying, storing, and type of extradant; (2) extractable Al and Fe levels increased immediately after drying; (3) NH4OAc-extracted Al, Fe, and Si exceeded NH4Cl-extracted Al, Fe, and Si; (4) extracted Al and Fe levels tended to drop after 11 wk of storage; (5) small drying effects were also noticed for NH4Cl-extracted Ca; (6) CEC(NH4OAc) and CEC(NH4Cl) values decreased with increasing time of storage; this effect was noticed most for soil samples with high levels of organic matter (Ah, Ahe, Bm, Bf, and Bfh), and was noticed least for sod samples taken from leached horizons (Ae) and subsoil horizons (BC and C); (7) in some cases, storage time increased CEC(NH4OAc) in subsoils; (8) values for [Formula: see text] remained fairly independent or increased slightly with storage time and were closely related with CEC(NH4Cl) values obtained with non-dried samples; (9) values for [Formula: see text] did not relate well with CEC(NH4OAc) and CEC(NH4Cl). Differences for extractable Al were likely due to Al complexation by acetate ions. Drying effects on extractable Al and Fe (and possibly Ca) were likely due to drying-induced fragmentation of soil organic matter. Drying and storage effects on CEC(NH4OAc) and CEC(NH4Cl) were likely due to (1) water-washing and related loss of organic matter, and (2) sensitivity of subsoil minerals to air exposure. Apparent drying and storage effects on CEC were most noted with [Formula: see text] and were least noted with [Formula: see text]. Key words: Cation exchange capacity, ion exchange, drying, storage, ammonium acetate, ammonium chloride extractions

Effect of soil acidity on barley production in the south-west of Western Australia. 2. Cereal genotypes and their response to lime

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Dolling ◽  
WM Porter ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Barley Genotypes ◽  
Extractable Al

The effect of aluminium (Al) toxicity of either surface or subsurface soil on the growth of barley, and the potential for variation in response to soil acidity among agronomically adapted Australian barley genotypes, were examined at 13 sites. The effect of Al toxicity was investigated by plant analysis, using 3-5 lime application rates and Al-tolerant species (wheat, triticale), as well as barley. All cereals were supplied with complete nutrients. To measure the potential for response variation, grain yields of 14 genotypes of barley, relative to cv. Stirling, were related to soil pH at 7 sites. Grain yield of barley was increased 9-30% at 6 sites, by lime application alleviating A1 toxicity. The yield of triticale and wheat cv. Aroona was not increased by lime application at any site. There was some indication that subsurface acidity may be reducing the grain yield of barley at sites with CaCl2-extractable Al concentrations of 23-4 mg/g in the A2 horizon. Some barley genotypes appeared to be more tolerant than Stirling to soil acidity. Aluminium toxicity appears to be reducing barley grain yields by more than 10% at surface soil pH <4.5 (0.01 mol CaCl2/L), or when CaCl2-extractable Al is >3-4 mg/g. CaCl2-extractable A1 in the surface soil was not a better indicator of Al toxicity than soil pH.

scholarly journals Extractable aluminium, iron and manganese in mineral soils: III Comparison of extraction methods

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
Raina Niskanen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Extractable Metals ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Extractable Al ◽  
Iron And Manganese

The extractability of soil Al, Fe and Mn were studied in 102 mineral soil samples. The extractants were 0.05 M oxalate (pH 2.9), 0.05 M K4P2O7 (pH 10), 0.02 M EDTA (pH 5.3) and 1 M CH3COONH4 (pH 4.8). In the group of clay and silt soils (n = 51), the Al extracted by the four extractants correlated closely; the r values ranged from 0.91*** to 0.96***; in coarser soils (n = 51) the r values ranged from 0.42* to 0.82***. In clay and silt soils, the organic carbon content and soil pH together explained 50 % of the variation in oxalate-extractable Al, 70 % of the variation in pyrophosphate-extractable Al, 53 % of the variation in pyrophosphate-extractable Fe and 56 % of the variation in acetate-extractable Al. The clay and organic carbon contents together with soil pH explained 77 % of the variation in EDTA-extractable Al in clay and silt soils. In coarse soils, the extractable metals were not closely related to the soil characteristics.

Lime responses by barley as related to available soil aluminium and manganese

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
MK Conyers ◽  
MK Conyers ◽  
GJ Poile ◽  
GJ Poile ◽  
BR Cullis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Pyrocatechol Violet ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Extractable Al

Twenty-three surface soils (0-10 cm) sampled from major New South Wales lime trials were incubated at six lime rates, from 0 to 10 t/ha, and used in pot trials with barley (Hordeurn vulgare cv. Schooner) which was grown for five weeks. Each replicate pot was soil tested for exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Al), pH in 0.01 M CaCl2, and Al in the 0.01 M CaCl2 extract by pyrocatechol violet (total Al) and by reaction for 15 s in 8-hydroxyquinoline (monomeric Al). The latter was also converted to the activity of Al3 in the 0.01 M CaCl2 extract. The soil tests were compared for their prediction of the dry matter yield of whole tops of barley. The four tests for aluminium (exchangeable Al as Al/ECEC; total 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable Al; monomeric 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable Al; and Al3+ activity in 0.01 M CaCl2) were each better indicators of the infertility of the acid soils than soil pH. The prediction of the dry matter yield of barley by the four aluminium tests was improved by the inclusion of exchangeable soil manganese in the statistical analysis. The use of 0.01 M CaCl2 is recommended as a routine extraction procedure for diagnosing Al toxicity. Soil Mn should also be measured and included in correlations with barley growth. Pyrocatechol violet is the recommended analytical procedure for Al owing to its comparative simplicity.

COMPARISON OF EXCHANGEABLE Al, EXTRACTABLE Al, AND Al IN SOIL FRACTIONS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. SHUMAN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Organic Fraction ◽  
Soil Fractions ◽  
Mn Oxide ◽  
Soil Aluminum ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Exchangeable Fraction ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum ◽  
Extractable Al ◽  
Al Oxide

Previous results indicated that the activity of Al3+ in soil solution, Al saturation of the CEC, and 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable Al were related to plant growth. Exchangeable Al values determined by 1 M KCl and 1 M NH4Cl, extractable Al values determined by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 4.8, 0.01 M CaCl2, 0.5 M CuCl2, 0.33 M LaCl3, and 0.005 M NTA, were compared with each other and to the activity of Al3+ in soil solution as well as Al in soil fractions. Aluminum in fractions was measured to determine the forms solubilized by the extradants. The fractions extracted were exchangeable [M Mg(NO3)2], organic bound, Mn oxide, amorphous Fe and Al oxide, and crystalline Fe and Al oxide. The order of Al extracted was CuCl2 > NH4OAc, [Formula: see text]. One M KCl and NH4Cl, and CuCl2, LaCl3, NTA, and NH4OAc, pH 4.8, gave similar relative Al values, especially for topsoils, and were not correlated with CaCl2-Al values. The exchangeable fraction Al [M Mg(NO3)2] was well correlated with the activity of Al3+ in the soil solution and Al saturation of the CEC. Organic fraction Al was negatively correlated with the activity of Al3+ in the soil solution indicating that organic matter can bind Al lowering its concentration in the soil solution. Aluminum in the crystalline Fe/Al oxide fraction correlated well with that extracted by CuCl2, LaCl3, NTA, and NH4OAc, pH 4.8, leading to the possible conclusion that these extradants solubilize Al from plant-unavailable fractions. Key words: Soil aluminum, aluminum extractants, aluminum fractions, exchangeable aluminum

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