Affect and the Functional Bases of Behavior: On the Dimensional Structure of Affective Experience

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Carver
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Affective Experience ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Negative Affects ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
Affective Dimensions ◽  
Positive And Negative Affects

Discussions of the dimensional structure of affect usually are based on results of factor analyses. Disagreements focus largely on issues of measurement and measurement error. I argue that the structure of affect is not discussed meaningfully without considering functional implications of affects. A functional analysis is outlined in which approach and incentive-related affects (both positive and negative) are managed by 1 self-regulatory system, and avoidance and threat-related affects (positive and negative) are managed by another self-regulatory system. In both cases, positive and negative affects are posited to convey information about whether the behavior being engaged in is going well or poorly. This view argues for the existence of 2 bipolar affective dimensions, the properties of which are informed by an understanding of both behavior and feelings.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of PR-1-Like Proteins Identified from the Wheat Head Blight Fungus Fusarium graminearum

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunwen Lu ◽  
Michael C. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Fungal Genome ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungal Virulence

The group 1 pathogenesis-related (PR-1) proteins originally identified from plants and their homologs are also found in other eukaryotic kingdoms. Studies on nonplant PR-1-like (PR-1L) proteins have been pursued widely in humans and animals but rarely in filamentous ascomycetes. Here, we report the characterization of four PR-1L proteins identified from the ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum, the primary cause of Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley (designated FgPR-1L). Molecular cloning revealed that the four FgPR-1L proteins are all encoded by small open reading frames (612 to 909 bp) that are often interrupted by introns, in contrast to plant PR-1 genes that lack introns. Sequence analysis indicated that all FgPR-1L proteins contain the PR-1-specific three-dimensional structure, and one of them features a C-terminal transmembrane (TM) domain that has not been reported for any stand-alone PR-1 proteins. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the four FgPR-1L genes are expressed in axenic cultures and in planta with different spatial or temporal expression patterns. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that fungal PR-1L proteins fall into three major groups, one of which harbors FgPR-1L-2-related TM-containing proteins from both phytopathogenic and human-pathogenic ascomycetes. Low-temperature sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and proteolytic assays indicated that the recombinant FgPR-1L-4 protein exists as a monomer and is resistant to subtilisin of the serine protease family. Functional analysis confirmed that deletion of the FgPR-1L-4 gene from the fungal genome results in significantly reduced virulence on susceptible wheat. This study provides the first example that the F. graminearum–wheat interaction involves a pathogen-derived PR-1L protein that affects fungal virulence on the host.

The three-dimensional structure of an eukaryotic glutamine synthetase: Functional implications of its oligomeric structure

2006 ◽  
Vol 156 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Llorca ◽  
Marco Betti ◽  
José M. González ◽  
Alfonso Valencia ◽  
Antonio J. Márquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Oligomeric Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional Structure ◽  
Functional Implications

scholarly journals Sleep Quality and Self-Control: The Mediating Roles of Positive and Negative Affects

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinru Liu ◽  
Lin Zhu ◽  
Conghui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
Negative Affects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive And Negative Affects

This study examined the mediating roles of both positive and negative affects in the relationship between sleep quality and self-control. A sample of 1,507 Chinese adults (37% men; mean age = 32.5 years) completed self-report questionnaires measuring sleep quality, positive and negative emotions, and self-control. Poor sleep quality was positively correlated with negative affect and negatively correlated with positive affect and self-control. Positive affect was positively correlated with self-control, while negative affect was negatively correlated with self-control. Both positive and negative affects significantly mediated the relationship between sleep quality and self-control. Improving individuals’ sleep qualities may lead to more positive emotions and less negative emotion, and these mood changes may increase resources for self-control. Regulating positive and negative affects may reduce the negative effects of poor sleep quality on self-control.

The Structure of Disfluency Behaviors in the Speech of Adult Stutterers

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry E. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Observational System ◽  
Empirical Foundation ◽  
Dichotomous Classification

Throughout the stuttering literature numerous references to a twofold classification of disfluency types are found. However, no rigorous empirical test of that dichotomous classification has been reported in the literature. This investigation was designed to conduct such a test in order to provide an empirical foundation for that distinction. The hypotheses stated that the relationships among disfluency behaviors were consistent with an underlying two-dimensional structure and specified the group of variables (disfluency behaviors) having primary association with each dimension. Instrumentation and procedures permitting reliable dentification and coding of nine disfluency behaviors were developed. This observational system was applied to baseline monologues obtained from 180 adult stutterers Results of factor analyses supported the hypotheses on the two-factor structure and on the disposition of the disfluency variables.

scholarly journals Anterior cruciate ligament—return to sport after injury scale: validation of the Norwegian language version

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 2634-2643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Gro Heyn Faleide ◽  
Eivind Inderhaug ◽  
Willemijn Vervaat ◽  
Kyrre Breivik ◽  
Bård Erik Bogen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Return To Sport ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Sum Score ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Abstract Purpose Evidence is emerging on the importance of psychological readiness to return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The ACL-Return to Sport after Injury scale (ACL-RSI) is developed to assess this. The aim of the current study was to translate ACL-RSI into Norwegian and examine the measurement properties of the Norwegian version (ACL-RSI-No). Methods ACL-RSI was translated according to international guidelines. A cohort of 197 ACL-reconstructed patients completed ACL-RSI-No and related questionnaires nine months post-surgery. One hundred and forty-six patients completed hop tests and 142 patients completed strength tests. Face and structural validity (confirmative factor analysis and explorative analyses), internal consistency [Cronbach’s alpha (α)], test–retest reliability [Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC)], measurement error [Standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable change at individual (SDCind) and group level (SDCgroup)] and construct validity (hypotheses testing; independent t tests, Pearson’s r) were examined. Results ACL-RSI-No had good face validity. Factor analyses suggested that the use of a sum score is reasonable. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were good (α 0.95, ICC 0.94 (95% CI 0.84–0.97) and measurement error low (SEM 5.7). SDCind was 15.8 points and SDCgroup was 2.0. Six of seven hypotheses were confirmed. Conclusions ACL-RSI-No displayed good measurement properties. Factor analyses suggested one underlying explanatory factor for “psychological readiness”—supporting the use of a single sum score. ACL-RSI-No can be used in the evaluation of psychological readiness to return to sport after ACL injury. Level of evidence III.

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