scholarly journals Ecology as Method

Prism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-345
Author(s):  
Robin Visser

Abstract In “China as Method,” Mizoguchi Yūzō argues that “a world that takes China as method would be a world in which China is a constitutive element.” Similarly, a world that takes ecology as method is a world in which humans are a constitutive element, one of “the ten thousand things” (wanwu 萬物). In this essay, the author examines distinct ways in which fictional writers imagine relational dynamics between humans, nonhuman animals, regional ecosystems, and the cosmos to theorize ecology as method. Ecology as method works to radically decenter anthropocentric understandings of the cosmos, historicizes regional ecologies in order to illuminate global dynamics, and acknowledges deterritorialization. While mourning loss, it resists sentimentalizing cultural narratives that rationalize the genocide of species as inevitable. This article focuses on three contemporary eco-writers of Inner Mongolia. Mandumai 滿都麥, one of the People's Republic of China's earliest post-Mao eco-writers, romanticizes indigeneity in his Mongolian-language stories (read in this article in Mandarin translation). Mongolian-Han Sinophone writer Guo Xuebo 郭雪波 juxtaposes “grassland logic” against “agrarian logic” in his desert fiction series, illustrating how agrilogistics dominates the ecological imagination of the ethnically diverse desert-dwellers. Finally, the article analyzes the best-selling Wolf Totem by Beijing-based sent-down youth Jiang Rong 姜戎. Despite attributing desertification to Han ignorance, the novel simultaneously maps the steppes via ecological understandings from Hanspace ontology.

Author(s):  
Marcus Owens ◽  
Jennifer Wolch

The study of nonhuman animals in urban ecosystems is a recent but expanding field. This chapter explores the ways in which human-animal relationships in cities have historically been framed and argues that a consideration of nonhuman animals is vital to a robust urban theory in the age of ecology. The places of animals within the urban planning and design professions that shape cities are elucidated, along with contemporary developments in ecology that increasingly inform city planning, design, and management. The chapter then highlights four global dynamics that promise to radically reshape urban animal ecologies, and concludes with a call for lively cities characterized by the coexistence of people and animals.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-116
Author(s):  
Wangtaolue Guo

In a world marked by increasing linguistic and cultural mobility, translation has gone way beyond the idea of mechanical/cultural transmission of meaning and saturated our everyday life. Translation zone, as one of the many spatial metaphors for translation, is proposed by Emily Apter and meant to debunk the myth of monolingual complacency as a norm and to highlight translation as a significant medium of subject re-formation. Although her transcoding model is path-breaking, Apter seems to insist on the intersubjective limits that resist translation, arguing about the issue of border trouble arising from occasions “where the lines dividing discrete languages are muddy and disputatious” (129). In this paper, I argue that the translation zone shall be reconceptualized as a rhizomatic zone, where both translation and mis-/non-translation constitute an adventitious mode of transformation that highlights processuality. In order to add this Deleuzian layer to the translation zone, I examine how translational literature, which “straddle[s] two languages, at once foregrounding, performing, and problematizing the act of translation” (Hassan 754), reflects a perpetual state of in-translation and encompasses the process of flight and movement. Specific examples are drawn from Xiaolu Guo’s novel A Concise Chinese-English Dictionary for Lovers, which features a narrative characterized by malapropism, mis-hearings, mis-interpretations, and interlanguage. Incorporating translation as a constitutive element into her story, Guo highlights the interplay between linguistic creativity and (un-)translatability, complicates the process of cultural transfer, and underlines the centrality of migration and porosity which Apter fails to attribute to her framework. The novel, therefore, mimics a rhizomatic translation zone, where migration, transformation, and linguistic heterogeneity are enmeshed.


2020 ◽  
pp. 002198942095212
Author(s):  
Shazia Rahman

Nadeem Aslam’s novel The Blind Man’s Garden (2013) describes the post-9/11 international conflict in Afghanistan and its effect on a Pakistani character named Mikal, who ends up imprisoned and tortured by both Afghan warlords and American soldiers and remains especially cognizant of the multispecies nature of our world. In this article, I argue that even though the novel presents the toxic effects of hegemonic masculinity by depicting war, it also provides an alternative. In particular, Mikal, with his non-hierarchical response to the War on Terror, gender equity, and nonhuman animals, models much-needed helpful rather than harmful behaviours. I call this stance postcolonial ecomasculinity and link it to the way in which a snow leopard cub influences Mikal’s decision to rescue a US soldier by risking his own life and wellbeing. Even though the US soldier also befriends the same snow leopard cub, his hegemonic masculine desire for dominance makes it difficult for him to overcome his ethnocentrism. Similarly, Aslam’s novel depicts Rohan, who identifies with and appreciates nonhuman birds and trees, but because of his patriarchal privilege cannot see the ways in which women are also oppressed. As the novel ends, its women characters provide hope for Rohan, the blind man, to navigate through the garden, which is Pakistan, using a rope walk to connect Rohan to the plants and trees in the garden. These connections are symbolic of lessons in egalitarian masculinity, teaching not only Rohan but also two young boys how to live without domination and violence. As a result, we are left with images of pathways which broaden our vision of masculinity beyond the stereotypical.


Ars Aeterna ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Martin Boszorád ◽  
Simona Klimková

Abstract The paper focuses on the phenomenon of urban fantasy with a particular interest in the topos of a city, which assumes great significance as a thematic and motivic element in the subgenre. The authors touch upon the relation between (sub)genre and topos/topoi in general, but also more specifically, between urban fantasy and the city, regarding the urban area as a distinct setting with a specific atmosphere, character or genius loci. Within this frame, the paper seeks to exemplify the aforementioned relations through an interpretative study of Neil Gaiman’s novel Neverwhere, which breathes life into the London underground scene. London Below comes to personify, literally, the vices of London Above via the use of anthropomorphic strategies. Moreover, the spatial peculiarities of the novel not only contribute to the creation of the fantastical atmosphere but they also function as a vehicle of social critique and a constitutive element of the protagonist’s transformation.


Author(s):  
Jesús Fernández Caro

This article approaches Sirius (1944), by Olaf Stapledon, from a perspective that brings together literary animal studies and ecocriticism. The eponymous main character of this science fiction novel is a genetically-modified dog who struggles between the human and the animal realms, being unable to belong to either urban or natural spaces. I argue this work of fiction carries out an exercise of blurring boundaries, thus proposing alternatives for harmful binaries such as human-animal, city-nature, or divine-mundane. Each of these binaries is explored in three trips of the many this character experiences throughout the novel. This allows the main character to reflect on his peculiar, unique species as the singularity he is. Sirius claims it is only empathy that can help in such a task; both human and nonhuman animals are then able to rejoice in biological, cultural, and spiritual differences. Sirius’s trips are analyzed in order to look closely at (1) the dog’s reflections on humankind while being in London, (2) his becoming a wolf, dog, and human at the same time in the woods, and (3) music as the ideal tool to articulate one’s spirituality based on a reconnection with an almost lost biodiversity.


2006 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Castillo ◽  
M. C. Gutiérrez ◽  
M. Kamekura ◽  
Y. Ma ◽  
D. A. Cowan ◽  
...  

Strain EJ-46T, a novel pleomorphic, aerobic, extremely halophilic member of the Archaea was isolated from sediment of the saline Lake Ejinor, in Inner Mongolia, China. This organism was neutrophilic and required at least 15 % (2·5 M) NaCl for growth. MgCl2 was not required. The isolate was able to grow at pH 6·0–9·0. Optimum growth occurred in media containing 20 % (3·4 M) NaCl at pH 7·0–7·5. Polar lipid analysis revealed the presence of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, derived from both C20C20 and C20C25 glycerol diethers. Four glycolipids were detected, one of which may be novel. The DNA G+C content was 60·3 mol%. 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that strain EJ-46T was a member of the phylogenetic group defined by the family Halobacteriaceae, and the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity values of 94·9 and 94·8 % were obtained with the haloalkaliphilic species of the genus Natronococcus, Natronococcus occultus and Natronococcus amylolyticus, respectively. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, it is proposed that the novel isolate should be classified as representing a new genus and species, for which the name Halovivax asiaticus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EJ-46T (=CGMCC 1.4248T=CECT 7098T).


Author(s):  
John Parham

   This paper examines posthumanism as a philosophical position equipped to inform ecocriticism and the potential of popular fiction to articulate ecological complexity. Posthumanism will be reappraised as a dialectical model that decentres the human in relation to ‘evolutionary, ecological, or technological coordinates’ (Wolfe 2010: xvi) while nevertheless retaining a sense of the integrity of, and boundaries between, human and nonhuman species or phenomena. It will be argued that a novelistic emphasis on human being, agency, and action, coupled with devices of genre, plot, and narrative – are consistent with the process of human self-examination engendered by posthumanism. The essay will, thereafter, illustrate and examine this approach through the French crime writer Fred Vargas’s1999 novel Seeking Whom He May Devour. Identifying two human protagonists – the Canadian conservationist Johnstone and his girlfriend Camille – an initial decentring of the human subject will be examined in relation to two equivalent, nonhuman protagonists, the French Alps and the wolf. Utilising newspaper interviews that highlight Vargas’s own posthumanist perspective (grounded in her profession as an archaeologist), I will examine a) how the novel explores appropriate relationships between human and nonhuman animals; b) how Vargas utilises both the generic features of the crime novel – e.g. the resolution of a ‘crime’ – and the subtle narrative manipulations of character focalisation to construct (via the preferred ‘point of view’ offered by Camille) a posthumanist position on human/animal relations which Vargas explicitly opposes to the inhumanism represented by Johnstone.   Resumen             Este artículo examina el posthumanismo como una posición filosófica dotada para contribuir con la ecocrítica y el potencial de la ficción popular para articular la complejidad ecológica. El posthumanismo será revaluado como un modelo dialéctico que descentra al ser humano en relación con “las coordinadas evolutivas, ecológicas o tecnológicas”  (Wolfe, Posthumanism xvi), mientras que aún así retiene un sentido de la integridad de, y de las fronteras entre, las especies o fenómenos humanos y no-humanos. Se argumentará que un énfasis novelístico en el ser humano, la agencia y la acción, junto con los recursos del género, argumento y narración, son consistentes con el proceso del auto-examen engendrado por el posthumanismo.         Después, este ensayo ilustratá y examinará este enfoque a través de la novela Seeking Whom He May Devour (1999), del escritor francés de novela policíaca Fred Vargas. Identificando a los dos protagonistas humanos, el conservacionista canadiense Johnstone y su novia Camille, el de-centramiento inicial del sujeto humano será examinado en relación a los dos protagonistas no-humanos equivalentes: los Alpes franceses y el lobo. Usando entrevistas en periódicos que destacan las perspectiva posthumanista de Vargas (basada en su profesión como arqueólogo), examinaré: a) cómo la novela explora las relaciones apropiadas entre animales humanos y no-humanos; b) cómo Vargas utiliza tanto las características genéricas de la novela policíaca (e.g. la resolución de un crimen) y las sutiles manipulaciones narrativas en la focalización de los personajes para construir (a través del favorecido “punto de vista” que ofrece Camille) una posición posthumanista en las relaciones humanas/animales que Vargas explícitamente opone al inhumanismo que Johnstone representa.


2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
Jessica Gildersleeve

Cultural narratives also function as lifelines in the work of another Queensland Indigenous woman writer, Vivienne Cleven. Cleven's novel,Bitin’ Back(2001), begins when Mavis Dooley's son, Nevil, announces that he is no longer Nevil, but the writer Jean Rhys. Although Nevil eventually reveals that he has simply been acting as a woman in order to understand the protagonist of the novel he is writing, his choice of Rhys in particular is significant. Nevil selected Jean Rhys as a signifier of his female role because, he explains:She's my favourite author; she wroteWide Sargasso Sea[1966]. She was ahead of her time; she wrote about society's underdogs; about rejection and the madness of isolation. I know it sounds all crazy to you, Ma, but this is about whoIam . . . [A] lot of people would never understand me and they wouldn't want to. (2001: 184)


Author(s):  
Stephen M. Fuller

This chapter evaluates Losing Battles as a response to Civil Rights ferment, regarding the novel broadly through the prisms of Eagletonian Marxism and speech act theory. The analysis argues that the text’s primary formal characteristic, its epic blending of scores of vocal performances, typically spoken by senior members of the Beecham-Renfro family, disseminates and enforces a range of ideological conformities, including but not limited to those policing ethnicity. Through the delivery of these speeches, characters engage inadvertently or otherwise in speech acts that traumatize and dominate and reproduce chauvinistic and belligerent cultural narratives. Namely, Losing Battles reveals the mechanism of Althusserian interpellation as it operates in southern culture; however, outsiders and even a few insiders escape the authority of received ideas and, therefore, reveal emancipatory potential.


Prism ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-342
Author(s):  
Miya Qiong Xie

Abstract This article reconsiders the established modern Chinese writer Duanmu Hongliang and his first and most influential work, The Korchin Banner Plains (completed in 1933 and published in 1939), from a borderland perspective. The novel is set in western Manchuria, a multiethnic area of northeastern China that borders Inner Mongolia and was occupied by Japan in the early 1930s. The novel has been read by many as a realistic portrait of the natural and social landscape of the grassland and as an autobiographical account of the author's family history. This article disagrees, and treats the novel as a performative form of “territory-making” that purposefully recreates a Han-centered modern nation from its geographical margin by carefully reorganizing a web of intricate and competing multiethnic and multinational relations in the grassland. In particular, as a self-identified Manchu, Duanmu makes unconventional choices of both themes and literary styles to imply a calculated embrace of a modern nation by an ethnic other. Through a close examination of the spatial-textual negotiations in the novel, the article delineates how a classic work of nationalist literature was produced from the borderland and how this work exposes the precariousness and contradictions inherent in the grand narrative of modern nationhood.


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