Implants of quail thymic epithelium generate permanent tolerance in embryonically constructed quail/chick chimeras

Development ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-630
Author(s):  
H. Ohki ◽  
C. Martin ◽  
M. Coltey ◽  
N.M. Le Douarin
Keyword(s):  
Branchial Arch ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Thymic Involution ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Thymic Epithelium ◽  
Process Tolerance ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Wing Bud

In situ implantation of a quail wing bud into a chick embryo at 4 days of incubation (E4) regularly results in the normal development of the implant followed by its acute rejection starting within two weeks post-hatching. If the epithelial thymic rudiments of the quail donor are implanted into the branchial arch area of the chick recipient after partial removal of its own thymic primordia, a chimeric thymus develops in the chick host and this induces tolerance to the quail wing by the chick recipient. The species identity of cells in chimeric thymuses was mapped using Feulgen-Rossenbeck' staining and immunolabelling with monoclonal antibodies directed against quail or chick B-L antigens. Certain lobes contained only chick cells both at the stromal and hemopoietic cell levels. Others had a quail epithelial stroma containing host hemopoietically derived cells. Only chimeras in which at least one third of the thymic lobes were chimeric showed permanent tolerance to the grafted wing. Since the two species exhibit distinct developmental rates, we decided to study the kinetics of thymic involution after birth. Although the changes in thymus weight and histological structure are fundamentally similar in quail and chick, those in the quail start about 7–8 weeks earlier. In the chimeric thymuses, the lobes whose epithelial cells were quail involuted at the rate of control quail showing no influence of the hemopoietic thymic compartment in this process. Tolerance induced by the thymic epithelium during embryogenesis and in early postnatal life was maintained after a profound involution of the quail thymic graft had occurred.

scholarly journals Sipl1 and Rbck1 Are Novel Eya1-Binding Proteins with a Role in Craniofacial Development

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (24) ◽  
pp. 5764-5775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Landgraf ◽  
Frank Bollig ◽  
Mark-Oliver Trowe ◽  
Birgit Besenbeck ◽  
Christina Ebert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Branchial Arch ◽  
Craniofacial Development ◽  
Interacting Proteins ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Eyes Absent ◽  
Mechanistic Insight ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
Related Proteins

ABSTRACT The eyes absent 1 protein (Eya1) plays an essential role in the development of various organs in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Mutations in the human EYA1 gene are linked to BOR (branchio-oto-renal) syndrome, characterized by kidney defects, hearing loss, and branchial arch anomalies. For a better understanding of Eya1's function, we have set out to identify new Eya1-interacting proteins. Here we report the identification of the related proteins Sipl1 (Shank-interacting protein-like 1) and Rbck1 (RBCC protein interacting with PKC1) as novel interaction partners of Eya1. We confirmed the interactions by glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown analysis and coimmunoprecipitation. A first mechanistic insight is provided by the demonstration that Sipl1 and Rbck1 enhance the function of Eya proteins to act as coactivators for the Six transcription factors. Using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization, we show that Sipl1 and Rbck1 are coexpressed with Eya1 in several organs during embryogenesis of both the mouse and zebrafish. By morpholino-mediated knockdown, we demonstrate that the Sipl1 and Rbck1 orthologs are involved in different aspects of zebrafish development. In particular, knockdown of one Sipl1 ortholog as well as one Rbck1 ortholog led to a BOR syndrome-like phenotype, with characteristic defects in ear and branchial arch formation.

scholarly journals Inactivation of the RB family prevents thymus involution and promotes thymic function by direct control of Foxn1 expression

2013 ◽  
Vol 210 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip M. Garfin ◽  
Dullei Min ◽  
Jerrod L. Bryson ◽  
Thomas Serwold ◽  
Badreddin Edris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Thymic Epithelial Cells ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
Thymic Involution ◽  
Thymic Function ◽  
Thymic Epithelium ◽  
Thymus Involution ◽  
Independent Mechanism ◽  
E2f Transcription Factors ◽  
Increased Activity

Thymic involution during aging is a major cause of decreased production of T cells and reduced immunity. Here we show that inactivation of Rb family genes in young mice prevents thymic involution and results in an enlarged thymus competent for increased production of naive T cells. This phenotype originates from the expansion of functional thymic epithelial cells (TECs). In RB family mutant TECs, increased activity of E2F transcription factors drives increased expression of Foxn1, a central regulator of the thymic epithelium. Increased Foxn1 expression is required for the thymic expansion observed in Rb family mutant mice. Thus, the RB family promotes thymic involution and controls T cell production via a bone marrow–independent mechanism, identifying a novel pathway to target to increase thymic function in patients.

Selective control of branchial arch perfusion in an air-breathing Amazonian fish Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 959-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Smith ◽  
B. J. Gannon
Keyword(s):  
Branchial Arch ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Oxygen Loss ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Gas Bladder ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
Major Branch ◽  
Β Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

Vascular responses to adrenergic and cholinergic agonists were investigated in the air-breathing teleost Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus during in situ saline perfusion of the ventral aorta.The vasculature resembled that of other teleosts in having inhibitory β-adrenergic receptors and excitatory muscarinic receptors, probably located in the gills. The gas bladder vessels were apparently devoid of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors.The dorsal aorta was specialized between gill arches 2 and 3 in such a way that the dorsal aorta probably received most of its blood supply from arches 1 and 2. Arches 3 and 4 supplied the large coeliac artery whose major branch was to the gas bladder. Acetylcholine reduced the number of perfused gill arches so that most of the ventral aortic flow was directed towards the gas bladder through arches 3 and 4. This was seen as a possible solution to the problem of transbranchial oxygen loss that could arise if blood oxygenated at the gas bladder was exposed to hypoxic water at the gills.

scholarly journals R1 resection margin after organ-sparing/oncoplastic surgeries for breast cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
E.  A. Rasskazova ◽  
A.  D. Zikiryakhodzhaev ◽  
N.  N. Volchenko ◽  
Sh.  G. Khakimova
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Carcinoma In Situ ◽  
Resection Margin ◽  
Invasive Cancer ◽  
Resection Margins ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
R1 Resection ◽  
Repeated Surgery ◽  
Organ Sparing

The recurrence rate after organ-sparing surgeries for breast cancer depends on the resection margins: R1 status is associated with a higher risk of recurrence than R0.We analyzed a group of breast cancer patients with an R1 resection margin who underwent organ-sparing/oncoplastic surgeries. The R1 resection margin was detected in 62 out of 1279 patients who had organ-sparing/oncoplastic surgeries (4.9 % ± 0.6 %). In the group with invasive cancer and R1 resection margin, 80 % of patients were diagnosed with lobular carcinoma, whereas 14.8 % of patients had invasive cancer with no specific signs.We divided the group of repeated surgeries according to their histological structure at the resection margin: 28 patients were found to have carcinoma in situ, while 13 patients had invasive cancer.Among patients with carcinoma in situ, the resection margin after repeated surgery had no signs of malignancy in 14 women (50 %), while 10 (35.7 %) and 4 (14.3 %) women were diagnosed with carcinoma in situ and invasive cancer, respectively.In case of invasive cancer, 4 patients (30.8 %) had no signs of malignancy in their resection margins, while 1 (7.7 %) and 8 (61.5 %) patients were found to have carcinoma in situ and invasive cancer, respectivelyFollow-up of patients with an R1 resection margin after repeated surgery or radiotherapy revealed no cases of local recurrence between 3 and 65 months.

scholarly journals The bicoid-related homeoprotein Ptx1 defines the most anterior domain of the embryo and differentiates posterior from anterior lateral mesoderm

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (14) ◽  
pp. 2807-2817 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lanctot ◽  
B. Lamolet ◽  
J. Drouin
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory System ◽  
Branchial Arch ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
Chick Embryogenesis ◽  
Head Formation ◽  
Extraembryonic Mesoderm ◽  
Lateral Mesoderm ◽  
Foregut Endoderm ◽  
Derivatives Of

Ptx1 is a member of the small bicoid family of homeobox-containing genes; it was isolated as a tissue-restricted transcription factor of the pro-opiomelanocortin gene. Its expression during mouse and chick embryogenesis was determined by in situ hybridization in order to delineate its putative role in development. In the head, Ptx1 expression is first detected in the ectoderm-derived stomodeal epithelium at E8.0. Initially, expression is only present in the stomodeum and in a few cells of the rostroventral foregut endoderm. A day later, Ptx1 mRNA is detected in the epithelium and in a streak of mesenchyme of the first branchial arch, but not in other arches. Ptx1 expression is maintained in all derivatives of these structures, including the epithelia of the tongue, palate, teeth and olfactory system, and in Rathke's pouch. Expression of Ptx1 in craniofacial structures is strikingly complementary to the pattern of goosecoid expression. In addition, Ptx1 is expressed early (E6.8) in posterior and extraembryonic mesoderm, and in structures that derive from these. The restriction of expression to the posterior lateral plate is later evidenced by exclusive labelling of the hindlimb but not forelimb mesenchyme. In the anterior domain of expression, the stomodeum was shown by fate mapping to derive from the anterior neural ridge (ANR) which represents the most anterior domain of the embryo. The concordance between these fate maps and the stomodeal pattern of Ptx1 expression supports the hypothesis that Ptx1 defines a stomodeal ectomere, which lies anteriorly to the neuromeres that have been suggested to constitute units of a segmented plan directing head formation.

Relationship between retinoic acid and sonic hedgehog, two polarizing signals in the chick wing bud

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (11) ◽  
pp. 3267-3274 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Helms ◽  
C. Thaller ◽  
G. Eichele
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
All Trans Retinoic Acid ◽  
Wing Bud ◽  
Zone Of Polarizing Activity ◽  
Dose Dependent

Local application of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) to the anterior margin of chick limb buds results in pattern duplications reminescent of those that develop after grafting cells from the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). RA may act directly by conferring positional information to limb bud cells, or it may act indirectly by creating a polarizing region in the tissue distal to the RA source. Here we demonstrate that tissue distal to an RA-releasing bead acquires polarizing activity in a dose-dependent manner. Treatments with pharmacological (beads soaked in 330 micrograms/ml) and physiological (beads soaked in 10 micrograms/ml) doses of RA are equally capable of inducing digit pattern duplication. Additionally, both treatments induce sonic hedgehog (shh; also known as vertebrate hedgehog-1, vhh-1), a putative ZPA morphogen and Hoxd-11, a gene induced by the polarizing signal. However, tissue transplantation assays reveal that pharmacological, but not physiological, doses create a polarizing region. This differential response could be explained if physiological doses induced less shh than pharmacological doses. However, our in situ hybridization analyses demonstrate that both treatments result in similar amounts of mRNA encoding this candidate ZPA morphogen. We outline a model describing the apparently disparate effects of pharmacologic and physiological doses RA on limb bud tissue.

The stages of flank ectoderm capable of responding to ridge induction in the chick embryo

Development ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-34
Author(s):  
Jill L. Carrington ◽  
John F. Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Substantial Proportion ◽  
Wing Development ◽  
Limb Outgrowth ◽  
Wing Bud ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Inductive Signals

Reports on the stages when chick flank ectoderm can respond to ridge induction are contradictory. Different results have been obtained using presumptive wing or leg bud mesoderm as the inducing tissue with flank ectoderm as the responding tissue. In addition, although incomplete outgrowths have been obtained from recombinants with stage-19 flank ectoderm in a small percentage of cases, no complete outgrowths have been obtained from recombinants with ectoderm older than stage 18. We reinvestigated when chick flank ectoderm can respond to ridge induction and promote outgrowth of complete limbs. To do this, we combined flank ectoderm with in situ chick presumptive wing bud mesoderm using a pre-limb bud recombinant technique. When presumptive wing bud ectoderm was removed from the host and not replaced, wing development was suppressed. When host ectoderm was replaced with stage-15 through -18 chick flank ectoderm, limbs grew out in all cases; 86·% of these recombinant limbs were distally complete. Stage-19 flank ectoderm formed a ridge and promoted limb outgrowth in 80·9% of recombinants; 52·9% of these were distally complete limbs. Recombinants made by grafting early stage-20 (40-somite donor) flank ectoderm to stage-15 hosts resulted in outgrowths in 60% of the cases and 33·3% of these were distally complete. Graft ectoderm from older donors did not respond to inductive mesoderm. Our results demonstrate that chick flank ectoderm from stage-15 through early stage-20 donors can respond to inductive signals from presumptive wing bud mesoderm to form an apical ridge. This ridge can promote outgrowth of distally complete wings in a substantial proportion of recombinants. This is two stages beyond when the ability to promote outgrowth of distally complete wings appeared to be lost using other methods.

scholarly journals Developmental role of plk4 in Xenopus laevis and Danio rerio: implications for Seckel Syndrome

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace Elaine Rapchak ◽  
Neeraj Patel ◽  
John Hudson ◽  
Michael Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Branchial Arch ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Otic Vesicle ◽  
Seckel Syndrome ◽  
Brain Expression

The polo-like kinases are a family of conserved serine/threonine kinases that play multiple roles in regulation of the cell cycle. Unlike its four other family members, the role of Plk4 in embryonic development has not been well characterized. In mice, Plk4−/− embryos arrest at E7.5, just prior to the initiation of somitogenesis. This has led to the hypothesis that Plk4 expression may be essential to somitogenesis. Recently characterized human mutations lead to Seckel Syndrome. Riboprobe in situ hybridization revealed that plk4 is ubiquitously expressed during early stages of development of Xenopus and Danio; in later stages, expression in frogs restricts to somites as well as eye, otic vesicle, and branchial arch, and brain. Expression patterns in fish remain ubiquitous. Both somite and eye development require planar cell polarity, and disruption of plk4 function in frog by means of morpholino-mediated translational knockdown yields orientational disorganization of both these structures. These results provide the first steps in defining a new role for plk4 in organogenesis and implies a role in planar cell polarity, segmentation, and in recently described PLK4 mutations in human.

scholarly journals Neurotrophins and their receptors in rat peripheral trigeminal system during maxillary nerve growth

1993 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 1053-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Arumäe ◽  
U Pirvola ◽  
J Palgi ◽  
TR Kiema ◽  
K Palm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Branchial Arch ◽  
Trophic Factors ◽  
Neurotrophin Receptor ◽  
Trigeminal System ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglia ◽  
Nerve Growth ◽  
Maxillary Nerve ◽  
Target Field ◽  
Neurotrophin 3

We examined the expression of the neurotrophins (NTFs) and their receptor mRNAs in the rat trigeminal ganglion and the first branchial arch before and at the time of maxillary nerve growth. The maxillary nerve appears first at embryonic day (E)10 and reaches the epithelium of the first branchial arch at E12, as revealed by anti-L1 immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridization demonstrates, that at E10-E11, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) mRNA is expressed mainly in the mesenchyme, but neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) mRNA in the epithelium of the first branchial arch. NGF and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNAs start to be expressed in the distal part of the first brachial arch shortly before its innervation by the maxillary nerve. Trigeminal ganglia strongly express the mRNA of trkA at E10 and thereafter. The expression of mRNAs for low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (LANR), trkB, and trkC in trigeminal ganglia is weak at E10, but increases by E11-E12. NT-3, NT-4, and more prominently BDNF, induce neurite outgrowth from explant cultures of the E10 trigeminal ganglia but no neurites are induced by NGF, despite the expression of trkA. By E12, the neuritogenic potency of NGF also appears. The expression of NT-3 and NT-4 and their receptors in the trigeminal system prior to target field innervation suggests that these NTFs have also other functions than being the target-derived trophic factors.

scholarly journals Rhombomere of origin determines autonomous versus environmentally regulated expression of Hoxa-3 in the avian embryo

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 895-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Saldivar ◽  
C.E. Krull ◽  
R. Krumlauf ◽  
L. Ariza-McNaughton ◽  
M. Bronner-Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Branchial Arch ◽  
Normal Embryo ◽  
Avian Embryo ◽  
Boundary Formation ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Cell Autonomy ◽  
Short Time

We have investigated the pattern and regulation of Hoxa3 expression in the hindbrain and associated neural crest cells in the chick embryo, using whole mount in situ hybridization in conjunction with DiI labeling of neural crest cells and microsurgical manipulations. Hoxa3 is expressed in the neural plate and later in the neural tube with a rostral border of expression corresponding to the boundary between rhombomeres (r) 4 and 5. Initial expression is diffuse and becomes sharp after boundary formation. Hoxa3 exhibits uniform expression within r5 after formation of rhombomeric borders. Cell marking experiments reveal that neural crest cells migrating caudally, but not rostrally, from r5 and caudally from r6 express Hoxa3 in normal embryo. Results from transposition experiments demonstrate that expression of Hoxa3 in r5 neural crest cells is not strictly cell-autonomous. When r5 is transposed with r4 by rostrocaudal rotation of the rhomobomeres, Hoxa3 is expressed in cells migrating lateral to transposed r5 and for a short time, in condensing ganglia, but not by neural crest within the second branchial arch. Since DiI-labeled cells from transposed r5 are present in the second arch, Hoxa3-expressing neural crest cells from r5 appear to down-regulate their Hoxa3 expression in their new environment. In contrast, when r6 is transposed to the position of r4 after boundary formation, Hoxa3 is maintained in both migrating neural crest cells and those positioned within the second branchial arch and associated ganglia. These results suggest that Hoxa3 expression is cell-autonomous in r6 and its associated neural crest. Our results suggest that neural crest cells expressing the same Hox gene are not eqivalent; they respond differently to environmental signals and exhibit distinct degrees of cell autonomy depending upon their rhombomere of origin.

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