normal embryo
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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun Ha Kim ◽  
Shi-Dong Ji ◽  
Hyun-Sook Lee ◽  
Yun-A Jeon ◽  
Kyu-Chan Shim ◽  
...  

A novel hybrid weakness gene, DTE9, associated with a dark tip embryo (DTE) trait, was observed in CR6078, an introgression line derived from a cross between the Oryza sativa spp. japonica “Hwayeong” (HY) and the wild relative Oryza rufipogon. CR6078 seeds exhibit protruding embryos and flowers have altered inner floral organs. DTE9 was also associated with several hybrid weakness symptoms including decreased grain weight. Map-based cloning and transgenic approaches revealed that DTE9 is an allele of OsMADS8, a MADS-domain transcription factor. Genetic analysis indicated that two recessive complementary genes were responsible for the expression of the DTE trait. No sequence differences were observed between the two parental lines in the OsMADS8 coding region; however, numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in the promoter and intronic regions. We generated overexpression (OX) and RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic lines of OsMADS8 in HY and CR6078, respectively. The OsMADS8-OX lines showed the dark tip embryo phenotype, whereas OsMADS8-RNAi recovered the normal embryo phenotype. Changes in gene expression, including of ABCDE floral homeotic genes, were observed in the OsMADS8-OX and OsMADS8-RNAi lines. Overexpression of OsMADS8 led to decreased expression of OsEMF2b and ABA signaling-related genes including OsVP1/ABI3. HY seeds showed higher ABA content than CR6078 seeds, consistent with OsMADS8/DTE9 regulating the expression of genes related ABA catabolism in CR6078. Our results suggest that OsMADS8 is critical for floral organ determination and seed germination and that these effects are the result of regulation of the expression of OsEMF2b and its role in ABA signaling and catabolism.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaichi Watanabe ◽  
Yuhei Yasui ◽  
Yuta Kurose ◽  
Masashi Fujii ◽  
Takashi Yamamoto ◽  
...  

Gastrulation is a universal process in the morphogenesis of many animal embryos. In sea urchin embryos, it involves the invagination of single-layered vegetal plate into blastocoel. Although morphological and molecular events have been well studied for gastrulation, the mechanical driving forces and their regulatory mechanism underlying the gastrulation is not fully understood. In this study, structural features and cytoskeletal distributions were studied in sea urchin embryo using an "exogastrulation" model induced by inhibiting the H+/K+ ion pump with omeprazole. The vegetal pole sides of the exogastrulating embryos had reduced roundness indices, intracellular pH polarization, and intracellular F-actin polarization at the pre-early gastrulation compared with the normal embryo. Gastrulation stopped when F-actin polymerization or degradation was inhibited by RhoA or YAP1 knockout, although pH distributions were independent of such a knockout. A mathematical model of sea urchin embryos at the early gastrulation reproduced the shapes of both normal and exogastrulating embryos using cell-dependent cytoskeletal features based on F-actin and pH distributions. Thus, gastrulation required appropriate cell position-dependent intracellular F-actin distributions regulated by the H+/K+ ion pump through pH control.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidetoshi Ikegami ◽  
Kenta Shirasawa ◽  
Hiroshi Yakushiji ◽  
Shiori Yabe ◽  
Masaru Sato ◽  
...  

The common fig (Ficus carica L.) has a gynodioecious breeding system, and its sex phenotype is an important trait for breeding because only female plant fruits are edible. During breeding to select for female plants, we analyzed the FcRAN1 genotype, which is strongly associated with the sex phenotype. In 12 F1 populations derived from 13 cross combinations, the FcRAN1 genotype segregation ratio was 1:1, whereas the M119-226 × H238-107 hybridization resulted in an extremely male-biased segregation ratio (178:7 = male:female). This finding suggests that the segregation distortion was caused by some genetic factor(s). A whole-genome resequencing of breeding parents (paternal and maternal lines) identified 9,061 high-impact SNPs in the parents. A genome-wide linkage analysis exploring the gene(s) responsible for the distortion revealed 194 high-impact SNPs specific to Caprifig6085 (i.e., seed parent ancestor) and 215 high-impact SNPs specific to H238-107 (i.e., pollen parent) in 201 annotated genes. A comparison between the annotated genes and the genes required for normal embryo or gametophyte development and function identified several candidate genes possibly responsible for the segregation distortion. This is the first report describing segregation distortion in F. carica.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zejun Hu ◽  
Qiangqiang Xiong ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Lixia Zhang ◽  
Ying Yan ◽  
...  

Rice embryos are rich in high-quality protein, lipid, vitamins and minerals, representing the most important nutritional part of brown rice. However, the molecular mechanism of rice embryo development is poorly understood. In this study, two rice cultivars with contrasting embryo size (the giant embryo cultivar Dapeimi and the normal embryo cultivar 187R) were used to explore excellent genes controlling embryo size, and the developed near-isogenic lines (NILs) (NIL-D, which has the giant embryo phenotype, and its matching line, NIL-X) were used to explore transcript and metabolic properties in the earlier maturation stage of giant embryo development under natural conditions. The map-based cloning results demonstrated that Dapeimi is a novel allelic mutant of the rice GIANT EMBRYO (GE) gene, and the functional mutation site is a single cytosine deletion in the exon1. A total of 285 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and 677 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between NIL-D and NIL-X. The analysis of DAMs indicated that plants lacking GE mainly promoted energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism pathways in the rice embryo. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that 300 pairs of gene-metabolites were highly correlated. Among them, OsZS_02G0528500 and OsZS_12G0013700 were considered to be key genes regulating L-Aspartic acid and L-Tryptophan content during rice giant embryo development, which are promising to be good candidate genes to improve rice nutrition. By analyzing rice embryo development through a combination of strategies, this research contributes to a greater understanding of the molecular mechanism of rice embryo development, and provides a theoretical foundation for breeding high-nutrition varieties.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel I. Deryabin ◽  
Julia S. Ivanova ◽  
Aleksandra V. Borodkina

AbstractSuccessful implantation requires two-sided interaction between genetically normal embryo and properly prepared endometrium. At the cellular level the latter means hormone-regulated differentiation of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) into decidual ones that create appropriate microenvironment for invading embryo. Impaired decidualization is proved to mediate implantation failures. Here we elicited ESCs’ senescence as the cause for disturbed decidualization of endometrial stroma and impaired blastocyst implantation. Ability to decidualize and to accept modeled blastocysts inversely correlated with senescence in patients’ ESCs lines. Reduced hormonal responsiveness of senescent ESCs led to inappropriate decidualization dynamics resulting in altered receptivity, disturbed ligand-receptor interaction with trophoblasts and modified architecture of extracellular matrix what hindered blastocysts’ invasion. Furthermore, senescent ESCs caused ‘bystander’ quenching of decidual reaction in adjacent cells reinforcing dysfunction of stromal compartment. Implementation of senomorphics reducing senescence phenotype diminished adverse effects of senescent ESCs on decidualization and implantation using both in vitro models and patients’ lines, what suggests a promising strategy to increase in vitro fertilization efficacy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Zenagui ◽  
P Janssens ◽  
I Bernicot ◽  
N Ranisavljevic ◽  
T Anahory

Abstract Study question Which ethical and clinical aspects should be considered for preimplantation genetic testing PGT-SR strategy management for a consanguineous couple carrying the same reciprocal translocation? Summary answer PGT-SR management required specific probe designs to distinguish chromosomal patterns of balanced embryos, leading to complex transfer choices that required an adapted genetic counseling. What is known already Reciprocal translocation is a classic case in PGT-SR management, since all balanced embryos are transferable without distinguish between normal and balanced embryos. In accordance with the several recommendations, professionals calculated the reproductive risk related to the abnormalities and established an appropriate genetic counseling. However, an extreme case, such as the same reciprocal translocation carried by both members of a couple complicates PGT-SR management at all levels. Mainly, the genetics counseling around balanced embryo transfers. To date, only one study has reported a similar case, however, genetic counseling and the choice of embryos to be transferred have been poorly documented Study design, size, duration This study reports an extremely rare case of a couple (26-year-old woman and 29-year-old man) who was referred to our PGT center of the Montpellier University Hospital after 4 spontaneous miscarriages. The couple, first degree cousins in whom both partners are carrying the same reciprocal translocation 46,XX/XY,t(3;18) t(q26.1;q12.1). The patients were informed of the investigations and gave their consent before participation in the study. Participants/materials, setting, methods Peripheral blood of each member was investigated by FISH to caracterize chromosomal breakpoints. Secondly, a theoretical estimation of different segregation products to find a normal or balanced embryos were performed considering the extreme complexity of the case. Finally, an adapted PGT-SR probe strategy was conceived and proposed to a couple. Choices of balanced embryos to transfer were detailed to ensure that the patient is aware of risks and potential benefits. Main results and the role of chance In this particular case where both members of the couple are carrying the same reciprocal translocation, the chance of finding a normal or balanced embryo was further lowered 2% (4/196). It is estimated that the couple would produce 1 normal embryo and 15 balanced embryos. Diagnostic was possible on 16 biopsied embryos on day 3. Probe signal interpretations revealed four balanced embryos. Two embryos were proposed for a transferred on day 4. These balanced embryos had a different probe patterns, the first balanced embryo was normal and the second balanced embryo resulting from an adjacent–1 segregation mode presented an uniparental disomy (UPD). Limitations, reasons for caution ESHRE recommendations were established for common chromosomal rearrangements. In specific cases, limitations are strongly related to the complexity of the human genome. In this study, the choice of the embryos to be transferred depended entirely to our knowledge of phenotypic consequences of a homozygous gene alterations involved in chromosomal breakpoints. Wider implications of the findings: Professionals were confronted with requests to transfer balanced embryos with a partial/complete UPD or a balanced double translocation homozygote to improve the transfer rate from 3/196 of balanced combinations to 16/196. Dilemma between risks and benefits were considered for counseling to ensure an informed decision-making by patients. Trial registration number NA


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agung Prabowo ◽  
Subiharta Subiharta ◽  
Pita Sudrajad ◽  
Iswanto Iswanto ◽  
Sularno Sularno ◽  
...  

This study aims to determine the effect of supplementary feeding on the reproductive performance of beef cattle and calf birth weight. Additional feed is given to cows who are pregnant (8-9 months) and after giving birth for 3 months. Additional feed provided is a complete feed prepared from local feed ingredients. The objectives of this supplementary feeding are: maintaining the condition of the mother's body, maintaining normal embryo growth, and accelerating postpartum estrus, as has been done in Megal Village, Pamotan District, Rembang Regency. Provision of additional feed to old pregnant beef cattle (8-9 months) and after giving birth for 3 months in Megal Village, Pamotan District, Rembang Regency. The conclusion of this study is that the provision of additional feed 5 kg / head / day to old pregnant beef cattle and after giving birth for 3 months can reduce the weight loss of beef cattle broods when the availability of feed is limited, increase birth weight of calves and accelerate postpartum estrus. estrus for the first time after childbirth). Provision of additional feed to late pregnant beef cattle and after giving birth is highly recommended, especially in areas where the availability of feed fluctuates.Key words: supplementary feed, reproduction, beef cattle


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Álvaro Lorenzo-Felipe ◽  
Hyun Suk Shin ◽  
Sergio León-Bernabeu ◽  
Cathaysa Pérez-García ◽  
María Jesús Zamorano ◽  
...  

Fish egg quality is strongly related with the ability of the egg to be fertilized and develop a normal embryo with good survival and a lack of abnormalities. Large variations in the spawning quantity or quality impact directly in the competitiveness and sustainability of hatcheries, which create an overly large broodstock in order to satisfy the on-growing companies’ demand for undeformed fry. The present study reports, for the first time in relation to gilthead seabream, the effect of the genetic background of breeders for presence or absence of deformity on their spawning quality and the importance of considering this when creating broodstock. The spawning quality of crosses of breeders with genetic background for presence or absence of deformity (EBVdef), were evaluated during a whole spawning season, through study of the following traits: oocyte yield, fertilization rate, viability rate, hatching rate, larval survival rate, fertilized eggs, viable eggs, hatched eggs, and number of alive larvae. Breeders with a genetic background for deformity and a normal phenotype had shorter spawning periods, lower oocyte yield and, consequently, produced a lower number of alive larvae. In these two traits, the genetic background of breeders was of greater importance during intermediate spawning periods, when spawning is generally considered optimal for the industry, while environmental factors were more important at the beginning and end of the spawning season. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the importance of controlling the breeders’ genetics when creating broodstock.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tie-Bo Zeng ◽  
Nicholas Pierce ◽  
Ji Liao ◽  
Purnima Singh ◽  
Wanding Zhou ◽  
...  

Embryos that carry zygotic or parental mutations in Ehmt2, the gene encoding the main euchromatic histone H3K9 methyltransferase, EHMT2, exhibit variable developmental delay. We asked the question whether the delayed embryo is different transcriptionally from the normally developing embryo when they reach the same developmental stage. We collected embryos carrying a series of genetic deficiencies in the Ehmt2 gene and performed total RNA sequencing of somite stage-matched individual embryos. We applied novel four-way comparisons to detect differences between normal versus deficient embryos, and between 12-somite and 6-somite embryos. Importantly, we also identified developmental changes in transcription that only occur during the development of the normal embryo. We found that at the 6-somite stage, gastrulation-specific genes were not precisely turned off in the Ehmt2-/- embryos, and genes involved in organ growth, connective tissue development, striated muscle development, muscle differentiation, and cartilage development were not precisely switched on in the Ehmt2-/- embryos. Zygotic EHMT2 reduced transcriptional variation of developmental switch genes and at some repeat elements at the six-somite stage embryos. Maternal EHMT2-mutant embryos also displayed great transcriptional variation consistent with their variable survival, but transcription was normal in developmentally delayed parental haploinsufficient embryos, consistent with their good prospects. Global profiling of transposable elements in the embryo revealed that specific repeat classes responded to EHMT2. DNA methylation was specifically targeted by EHMT2 to LTR repeats, mostly ERVKs. Long noncoding transcripts initiated from those misregulated driver repeats in Ehmt2-/- embryos, and extended to several hundred kilobases, encompassing a multitude of additional, similarly misexpressed passenger repeats. These findings establish EHMT2 as an important regulator of the transition between gastrulation programs and organ specification programs and of variability.


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