XY follicle cells in ovaries of XX—XY female mouse chimaeras

Development ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.S. Burgoyne ◽  
M. Buehr ◽  
A. McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Female Mouse ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Ovarian Cell ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Xy Female

Oocytes with adhering follicle cells were sampled from ovaries obtained from 11 GPI-1A—GPI-1B chimaeras, comprising 10 females and 1 hermaphrodite. GPI analysis of individual oocytes revealed a marked bias towards the GPI-1B component in the germ line of this chimaeric combination. GPI-1B XY oocytes were identified in the ovary from the hermaphrodite, the bias towards the GPI-1B germ line perhaps helping to counterbalance the normally severe selection against XY oocytes. GPI analysis of follicle cells revealed a much more balanced contribution of the two components to this ovarian cell type. Importantly, GPI-1A follicle cells were identified in more than half the follicles from an XX—XY female in which the GPI-1A component was XY, supporting an earlier conclusion of Ford et al. (1974) that XY cells can contribute to the follicles of XX—XY female mice. It is suggested that XY cells can be recruited to form follicle cells in XX—XY chimaeras when there is a developmental mismatch between the two components, such that an ovary-determining signal produced by the XX component pre-empts the testis-determining action of the Y.

Autosomal P[ovoD1] dominant female-sterile insertions in Drosophila and their use in generating germ-line chimeras

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 1359-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.B. Chou ◽  
E. Noll ◽  
N. Perrimon
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Specificity ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
P Element ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Gtpase Activating Protein ◽  
Lethal Mutations ◽  
Sterile Technique ◽  
Dominant Female ◽  
Polarity Determination

The ‘dominant female-sterile’ technique used to generate germ-line mosaics in Drosophila is a powerful tool to determine the tissue specificity (germ line versus somatic) of recessive female-sterile mutations as well as to analyze the maternal effect of recessive zygotic lethal mutations. This technique requires the availability of germ-line-dependent, dominant female-sterile (DFS) mutations that block egg laying but do not affect viability. To date only one X-linked mutation, ovoD1 has been isolated that completely fulfills these criteria. Thus the ‘DFS technique’ has been largely limited to the X-chromosome. To extend this technique to the autosomes, we have cloned the ovoD1 mutation into a P-element vector and recovered fully expressed P[ovoD1] insertions on each autosomal arm. We describe the generation of these P[ovoD1] strains as well as demonstrate their use in generating germ-line chimeras. Specifically, we show that the Gap1 gene, which encodes a Drosophila homologue of mammalian GTPase-activating protein, is required in somatic follicle cells for embryonic dorsoventral polarity determination.

Infection of the germ line by retroviral particles produced in the follicle cells: a possible mechanism for the mobilization of the gypsy retroelement of Drosophila

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (14) ◽  
pp. 2789-2798 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.U. Song ◽  
M. Kurkulos ◽  
J.D. Boeke ◽  
V.G. Corces
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Perivitelline Space ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Secretory Apparatus

The gypsy retroelement of Drosophila moves at high frequency in the germ line of the progeny of females carrying a mutation in the flamenco (flam) gene. This high rate of de novo insertion correlates with elevated accumulation of full-length gypsy RNA in the ovaries of these females, as well as the presence of an env-specific RNA. We have prepared monoclonal antibodies against the gypsy Pol and Env products and found that these proteins are expressed in the ovaries of flam females and processed in the manner characteristic of vertebrate retroviruses. The Pol proteins are expressed in both follicle and nurse cells, but they do not accumulate at detectable levels in the oocyte. The Env proteins are expressed exclusively in the follicle cells starting at stage 9 of oogenesis, where they accumulate in the secretory apparatus of the endoplasmic reticulum. They then migrate to the inner side of the cytoplasmic membrane where they assemble into viral particles. These particles can be observed in the perivitelline space starting at stage 10 by immunoelectron microscopy using anti-Env antibodies. We propose a model to explain flamenco-mediated induction of gypsy mobilization that involves the synthesis of gypsy viral particles in the follicle cells, from where they leave and infect the oocyte, thus explaining gypsy insertion into the germ line of the subsequent generation.

scholarly journals Distinct CoREST complexes act in a cell-type-specific manner

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Mačinković ◽  
Ina Theofel ◽  
Tim Hundertmark ◽  
Kristina Kovač ◽  
Stephan Awe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
S2 Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Specific Gene Expression ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific

Abstract CoREST has been identified as a subunit of several protein complexes that generate transcriptionally repressive chromatin structures during development. However, a comprehensive analysis of the CoREST interactome has not been carried out. We use proteomic approaches to define the interactomes of two dCoREST isoforms, dCoREST-L and dCoREST-M, in Drosophila. We identify three distinct histone deacetylase complexes built around a common dCoREST/dRPD3 core: A dLSD1/dCoREST complex, the LINT complex and a dG9a/dCoREST complex. The latter two complexes can incorporate both dCoREST isoforms. By contrast, the dLSD1/dCoREST complex exclusively assembles with the dCoREST-L isoform. Genome-wide studies show that the three dCoREST complexes associate with chromatin predominantly at promoters. Transcriptome analyses in S2 cells and testes reveal that different cell lineages utilize distinct dCoREST complexes to maintain cell-type-specific gene expression programmes: In macrophage-like S2 cells, LINT represses germ line-related genes whereas other dCoREST complexes are largely dispensable. By contrast, in testes, the dLSD1/dCoREST complex prevents transcription of germ line-inappropriate genes and is essential for spermatogenesis and fertility, whereas depletion of other dCoREST complexes has no effect. Our study uncovers three distinct dCoREST complexes that function in a lineage-restricted fashion to repress specific sets of genes thereby maintaining cell-type-specific gene expression programmes.

scholarly journals Tissue Tropisms and Transstadial Transmission of a Rickettsia Endosymbiont in the Highland Midge, Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Pilgrim ◽  
Stefanos Siozios ◽  
Matthew Baylis ◽  
Gregory D. D. Hurst
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Suspensory Ligament ◽  
Transstadial Transmission ◽  
Tissue Tropisms

ABSTRACT Rickettsia is a genus of intracellular bacteria which can manipulate host reproduction and alter sensitivity to natural enemy attack in a diverse range of arthropods. The maintenance of Rickettsia endosymbionts in insect populations can be achieved through both vertical and horizontal transmission routes. For example, the presence of the symbiont in the follicle cells and salivary glands of Bemisia whiteflies allows Belli group Rickettsia transmission via the germ line and plants, respectively. However, the transmission routes of other Rickettsia bacteria, such as those in the Torix group of the genus, remain underexplored. Through fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) screening, this study describes the pattern of Torix Rickettsia tissue tropisms in the highland midge, Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Of note is the high intensity of infection of the ovarian suspensory ligament, suggestive of a novel germ line targeting strategy. Additionally, localization of the symbiont in tissues of several developmental stages suggests transstadial transmission is a major route for ensuring maintenance of Rickettsia within C. impunctatus populations. Aside from providing insights into transmission strategies, the presence of Rickettsia bacteria in the fat body of larvae indicates potential host fitness and vector capacity impacts to be investigated in the future. IMPORTANCE Microbial symbionts of disease vectors have garnered recent attention due to their ability to alter vectorial capacity. Their consideration as a means of arbovirus control depends on symbiont vertical transmission, which leads to spread of the bacteria through a population. Previous work has identified a Rickettsia symbiont present in several species of biting midges (Culicoides spp.), which transmit bluetongue and Schmallenberg arboviruses. However, symbiont transmission strategies and host effects remain underexplored. In this study, we describe the presence of Rickettsia in the ovarian suspensory ligament of Culicoides impunctatus. Infection of this organ suggests the connective tissue surrounding developing eggs is important for ensuring vertical transmission of the symbiont in midges and possibly other insects. Additionally, our results indicate Rickettsia localization in the fat body of Culicoides impunctatus. As the arboviruses spread by midges often replicate in the fat body, this location implies possible symbiont-virus interactions to be further investigated.

scholarly journals Vertical Transmission of a Drosophila Endosymbiont Via Cooption of the Yolk Transport and Internalization Machinery

mBio ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy K. Herren ◽  
Juan C. Paredes ◽  
Fanny Schüpfer ◽  
Bruno Lemaitre
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Severe Reduction ◽  
Female Germ Line ◽  
Vector Borne

ABSTRACTSpiroplasmais a diverse bacterial clade that includes many vertically transmitted insect endosymbionts, includingSpiroplasma poulsonii, a natural endosymbiont ofDrosophila melanogaster. These bacteria persist in the hemolymph of their adult host and exhibit efficient vertical transmission from mother to offspring. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism that underlies their vertical transmission, and here we provide strong evidence that these bacteria use the yolk uptake machinery to colonize the germ line. We show thatSpiroplasmareaches the oocyte by passing through the intercellular space surrounding the ovarian follicle cells and is then endocytosed into oocytes within yolk granules during the vitellogenic stages of oogenesis. Mutations that disrupt yolk uptake by oocytes inhibit verticalSpiroplasmatransmission and lead to an accumulation of these bacteria outside the oocyte. Impairment of yolk secretion by the fat body results inSpiroplasmanot reaching the oocyte and a severe reduction of vertical transmission. We propose a model in whichSpiroplasmafirst interacts with yolk in the hemolymph to gain access to the oocyte and then uses the yolk receptor, Yolkless, to be endocytosed into the oocyte. Cooption of the yolk uptake machinery is a powerful strategy for endosymbionts to target the germ line and achieve vertical transmission. This mechanism may apply to other endosymbionts and provides a possible explanation for endosymbiont host specificity.IMPORTANCEMost insect species, including important disease vectors and crop pests, harbor vertically transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria. Studies have shown that many facultative endosymbionts, includingSpiroplasma, confer protection against different classes of parasites on their hosts and therefore are attractive tools for the control of vector-borne diseases. The ability to be efficiently transmitted from females to their offspring is the key feature shaping associations between insects and their inherited endosymbionts, but to date, little is known about the mechanisms involved. In oviparous animals, yolk accumulates in developing eggs and serves to meet the nutritional demands of embryonic development. Here we show thatSpiroplasma coopts the yolk transport and uptake machinery to colonize the germ line and ensure efficient vertical transmission. The uptake of yolk is a female germ line-specific feature and therefore an attractive target for cooption by endosymbionts that need to maintain high-fidelity maternal transmission.

scholarly journals Requirement for cell-proliferation control genes in Drosophila oogenesis.

Genetics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-533
Author(s):  
J Szabad ◽  
V A Jursnich ◽  
P J Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Follicle Cell ◽  
Mitotic Recombination ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Proliferation Control ◽  
Dominant Female ◽  
Female Germ Line ◽  
Cell Proliferation Control

Abstract Genes that are required for cell proliferation control in Drosophila imaginal discs were tested for function in the female germ-line and follicle cells. Chimeras and mosaics were produced in which developing oocytes and nurse cells were mutant at one of five imaginal disc overgrowth loci (fat, lgd, lgl, c43 and dco) while the enveloping follicle cells were normal. The chimeras were produced by transplantation of pole cells and the mosaics were produced by X-ray-induced mitotic recombination using the dominant female-sterile technique. The results show that each of the genes tested plays an essential role in the development or function of the female germ line. The fat, lgl and c43 homozygous germ-line clones fail to produce eggs, indicating a germ-line requirement for the corresponding genes. Perdurance of the fat+ gene product in mitotic recombination clones allows the formation of a few infertile eggs from fat homozygous germ-line cells. The lgd homozygous germ-line clones give rise to a few eggs with abnormal chorionic appendages, a defect thought to result from defective cell communication between the mutant germ-line and the nonmutant follicle cells. One allele of dco (dcole88) prevents egg development when homozygous in the germ line, whereas the dco18 allele has no effect on germ-line development. Fs(2)Ugra, a recently described follicle cell-dependent dominant female-sterile mutation, allowed the analysis of egg primordia in which fat, lgd or lgl homozygous mutant follicle cells surrounded normal oocytes. The results show that the fat and lgd genes are not required for follicle cell functions, while absence of lgl function in follicles prevents egg development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Expression of H-Y antigen unaltered in XY female mice

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willys K. Silvers ◽  
Susan Raab ◽  
Linda L. Washburn ◽  
Eva M. Eicher
Keyword(s):  
Female Mice ◽  
Xy Female
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